Abstract
Landslides are the main secondary effects of earthquakes in mountainous areas. The spatial distribution of these landslides is controlled by the local seismic ground motion and the local slope stability. While gravitational instabilities in arid and semi-arid environments are understudied, we document the landslides triggered by the Sarpol Zahab earthquake (November 12, 2017, Mw7.3, Iran/Iraq border), the largest event ever recorded in the semi-arid Zagros Mountains. An original earthquake-induced landslide inventory was derived, encompassing landslides of various sizes and velocities (from rapid disrupted rockfalls to slow-moving coherent landslides). This inventory confirms the low level of triggered landslides in semi-arid environments. It also displays clear differences in the spatial and volumetric distributions of earthquake-induced landslides, having 386 rockfalls of limited size triggered around the epicenter, and 9 giant (areas of ca. 106 m2) active and ancient deep-seated landslides coseismically accelerated at locations up to 180 km from the epicenter. This unusual distant triggering is discussed and interpreted as an interaction between the earthquake source properties and the local geological conditions, emphasizing the key role of seismic ground motion variability at short spatial scales in triggering landslides. Finally, the study documents the kinematics of slow-moving ancient landslides accelerated by earthquakes, and opens up new perspectives for studying landslide triggering over short (~ 1–10 years) and long-time (~ 1000–10,000 years) periods.
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Acknowledgements
SPOT images were acquired through the DINAMIS program. Supplementary figures are provided in the supporting information accompanying the main text. The data archiving is underway on the PerSCiDO platform.
Funding
This research is funded by the Lebanese National Council for Scientific Research (CNRS). The authors also thank the support of the French Spatial Agency (CNES).
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Cheaib, A., Lacroix, P., Zerathe, S. et al. Landslides induced by the 2017 Mw7.3 Sarpol Zahab earthquake (Iran). Landslides 19, 603–619 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-021-01832-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-021-01832-0