Abstract
In this study data and results of a high-resolution experiment in Cephalonia (Greece) regarding empirical basin effects are presented. A total of 59 velocimeters and 17 accelerometers were deployed in the basin of Argostoli Cephalonia (Greece), for a period of 7 months (September 2011–April 2012). Due to high seismicity of the western Greece and surrounding area this array recorded thousands of local, regional and global events. Data used in this work come from a selection of 162 regional and local earthquakes, 3 km ≤ R ≤ 600 km, with magnitude range, 1.0 ≤ M ≤ 5.2. Based on high signal-to-noise ratio recordings and two selected reference stations, variation of several intensity measures (PGA, PGV, Arias Intensity, Cumulative Absolute Velocity), significant duration, HVSR and SSR of ground motion recordings on soil sites within the basin is carefully examined for a range of frequencies of engineering interest. Comparison of results with a detailed 2D geologic model shows a good consistency both in amplification and frequency domain. Influence of “reference” site on ground motion variation of soil sites is also discussed in light of our results. Finally, it is suggested that 2D or/and 3D theoretical modeling should be performed given the availability of geological and geophysical parameters to define a realistic model of the basin. Results of this study can undoubtedly serve in model validation and improvement of ground motion simulation tools.
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Acknowledgements
This work was funded by the European Commission FP7 under the Grant Agreement No 262330 (NERA Project, www.nera-eu.org/). The Technological Educational Institute of Ionian Islands, Argostoli, offered administrative and manpower aid. The Cephalonia and Ithaki Regional and Cephalonia Local Authorities offered administrative aid. F. Hollender and M. Cushing kindly provided the geological map in Fig. 3. S. Barani and an anonymous reviewer have significantly improved the manuscript with valuable comments.
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Argostoli NERA Team: Ch. Andreou (Technological Educational Institute of Ionian Islands, Argostoli, Greece), R. Bauz (GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Helmholtz-Centre, Potsdam, Germany), S. Bayle (Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Université de Grenoble, Grenoble, France), D. Bindi (GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Helmholtz-Centre, Potsdam, Germany), F. Cara (Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Roma, Italy), R. Cogliano (Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Roma, Italy), C. Cretin (Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Université de Grenoble, Grenoble, France), A. Fodarella (Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Roma, Italy), E. Günther (GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Helmholtz-Centre, Potsdam, Germany), A. Konidaris (Technological Educational Institute of Ionian Islands, Argostoli, Greece), J.-M. Nicole (Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Université de Grenoble, Grenoble, France), S. Parolai (GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Helmholtz-Centre, Potsdam, Germany), M. Pilz (GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Helmholtz-Centre, Potsdam, Germany), S. Pucillo (Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Roma, Italy), G. Riccio (Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Roma, Italy), and A. Savvaidis (Institute of Engineering Seismology and Earthquake Engineering (ITSAK), Thessaloniki, Greece).
Appendix
Appendix
Catalogue of 162 local relocated earthquakes used in the analyses
Date | Origin time | Latitude | Longitude | Depth (km) | M |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
20110921 | 012531 | 37.816 | 20.382 | 1.0 | 1.9 |
20110921 | 132916 | 38.247 | 20.371 | 15.9 | 2.4 |
20110922 | 031101 | 37.200 | 22.020 | 10.0 | 3.1 |
20110922 | 151509 | 38.147 | 20.391 | 17.6 | 3.3 |
20110924 | 030834 | 38.339 | 19.684 | 7.0 | 2.7 |
20110924 | 154912 | 37.478 | 19.736 | 14.4 | 3.1 |
20110928 | 074045 | 38.072 | 20.404 | 16.9 | 3.5 |
20110930 | 003052 | 38.276 | 20.361 | 4.6 | 2.0 |
20110930 | 065430 | 38.149 | 20.462 | 10.4 | 2.6 |
20111003 | 152611 | 37.851 | 21.137 | 17.8 | 3.1 |
20111008 | 032445 | 38.620 | 20.582 | 6.1 | 2.8 |
20111008 | 205900 | 38.339 | 19.748 | 14.8 | 2.8 |
20111009 | 184220 | 37.780 | 21.430 | 17.0 | 3.3 |
20111010 | 025743 | 38.316 | 20.410 | 13.7 | 2.8 |
20111010 | 190700 | 37.190 | 22.040 | 11.0 | 4.5 |
20111011 | 011008 | 37.190 | 22.010 | 15.0 | 3.7 |
20111011 | 125050 | 38.197 | 20.336 | 14.1 | 2.5 |
20111011 | 130454 | 38.159 | 20.366 | 11.5 | 2.4 |
20111011 | 184521 | 38.169 | 20.362 | 16.8 | 2.5 |
20111012 | 045443 | 38.089 | 20.358 | 2.2 | 2.3 |
20111012 | 180907 | 38.234 | 20.357 | 16.3 | 2.6 |
20111014 | 011132 | 37.974 | 20.840 | 11.9 | 3.5 |
20111016 | 100137 | 38.191 | 20.357 | 17.6 | 2.7 |
20111017 | 100004 | 38.890 | 20.620 | 37.0 | 3.1 |
20111025 | 223304 | 38.010 | 20.849 | 13.9 | 4.1 |
20111110 | 231028 | 38.749 | 20.499 | 2.9 | 2.7 |
20111112 | 045148 | 37.465 | 20.488 | 0.5 | 2.5 |
20111124 | 040923 | 39.400 | 19.810 | 36.0 | 3.6 |
20111127 | 002806 | 38.085 | 20.298 | 9.4 | 2.1 |
20111127 | 233440 | 38.112 | 20.519 | 20.0 | 2.2 |
20111127 | 234021 | 38.097 | 20.515 | 16.9 | 2.8 |
20111127 | 234255 | 38.271 | 20.361 | 7.8 | 2.7 |
20111128 | 032141 | 38.085 | 20.516 | 13.5 | 2.0 |
20111128 | 032308 | 38.093 | 20.517 | 16.5 | 3.2 |
20111129 | 151241 | 38.090 | 20.392 | 1.3 | 2.0 |
20111129 | 165558 | 37.579 | 23.995 | 158.0 | 4.1 |
20111202 | 130641 | 38.204 | 20.506 | 14.9 | 1.7 |
20111202 | 143757 | 38.121 | 20.536 | 21.1 | 1.7 |
20111215 | 000742 | 37.510 | 19.850 | 14.0 | 3.1 |
20111215 | 160813 | 38.192 | 20.463 | 13.3 | 1.6 |
20111215 | 161832 | 38.196 | 20.450 | 14.1 | 2.6 |
20111215 | 170549 | 36.980 | 20.430 | 20.0 | 2.7 |
20120119 | 234608 | 38.578 | 20.456 | 10.0 | 2.2 |
20120214 | 132143 | 37.700 | 20.770 | 13.0 | 4.3 |
20120217 | 031134 | 37.815 | 20.386 | 13.3 | 3.2 |
20120219 | 112137 | 38.264 | 20.352 | 14.0 | 1.8 |
20120226 | 211857 | 38.400 | 20.454 | 6.7 | 1.6 |
20120303 | 074943 | 38.543 | 21.246 | 3.2 | 2.5 |
20120303 | 230430 | 38.524 | 20.477 | 12.6 | 1.9 |
20120306 | 185253 | 38.094 | 20.467 | 12.5 | 2.2 |
20120306 | 204006 | 38.270 | 21.620 | 25.0 | 2.6 |
20120307 | 225021 | 37.694 | 20.894 | 17.1 | 2.3 |
20120307 | 225552 | 37.547 | 20.832 | 15.9 | 2.3 |
20120307 | 231802 | 37.673 | 20.884 | 23.4 | 2.1 |
20120307 | 233048 | 37.666 | 20.887 | 19.4 | 2.6 |
20120308 | 185424 | 38.700 | 21.320 | 17.0 | 3.4 |
20120308 | 193047 | 38.690 | 21.300 | 19.0 | 3.0 |
20120308 | 193927 | 38.690 | 21.260 | 21.0 | 3.2 |
20120309 | 170923 | 38.063 | 20.447 | 10.5 | 2.3 |
20120309 | 202951 | 38.690 | 21.290 | 17.0 | 3.1 |
20120309 | 221225 | 38.270 | 21.640 | 24.0 | 2.4 |
20120310 | 035754 | 38.352 | 20.371 | 7.3 | 2.5 |
20120311 | 070223 | 38.666 | 20.858 | 30.9 | 2.6 |
20120311 | 163044 | 38.260 | 21.650 | 20.0 | 2.6 |
20120313 | 105936 | 38.600 | 21.720 | 17.0 | 3.8 |
20120313 | 225418 | 38.150 | 22.610 | 13.0 | 1.7 |
20120314 | 011338 | 38.060 | 20.434 | 3.0 | 1.5 |
20120314 | 163530 | 38.260 | 21.630 | 25.0 | 2.6 |
20120314 | 173449 | 38.039 | 20.547 | 1.4 | 1.5 |
20120314 | 214443 | 37.752 | 20.130 | 0.0 | 2.9 |
20120314 | 221736 | 38.051 | 20.699 | 10.5 | 1.8 |
20120315 | 054058 | 38.690 | 21.300 | 15.0 | 4.4 |
20120317 | 023659 | 37.942 | 20.925 | 31.2 | 2.4 |
20120317 | 223744 | 38.077 | 20.361 | 8.5 | 1.9 |
20120318 | 135221 | 38.037 | 20.246 | 17.5 | 3.1 |
20120318 | 142329 | 38.060 | 20.242 | 18.5 | 1.9 |
20120318 | 173519 | 38.239 | 20.561 | 15.9 | 1.6 |
20120318 | 181121 | 38.181 | 20.724 | 17.2 | 2.3 |
20120320 | 020219 | 38.392 | 20.501 | 9.1 | 1.1 |
20120320 | 164150 | 38.190 | 20.551 | 16.8 | 3.3 |
20120320 | 164943 | 38.222 | 20.270 | 9.1 | 1.9 |
20120320 | 165324 | 38.119 | 20.543 | 13.7 | 1.7 |
20120320 | 185051 | 38.171 | 20.540 | 18.5 | 3.0 |
20120320 | 190739 | 38.180 | 20.544 | 17.1 | 1.7 |
20120320 | 195309 | 38.183 | 20.548 | 17.6 | 1.5 |
20120320 | 220747 | 38.187 | 20.551 | 17.3 | 2.0 |
20120320 | 220934 | 38.231 | 20.562 | 16.4 | 1.3 |
20120320 | 234439 | 38.200 | 20.561 | 17.4 | 1.3 |
20120320 | 235109 | 36.050 | 24.400 | 67.0 | 4.6 |
20120320 | 235526 | 38.178 | 20.545 | 17.2 | 2.0 |
20120321 | 001330 | 38.181 | 20.549 | 17.3 | 1.5 |
20120321 | 005217 | 38.217 | 20.552 | 17.4 | 1.0 |
20120321 | 005324 | 38.177 | 20.544 | 16.0 | 0.9 |
20120321 | 055047 | 38.610 | 21.710 | 16.0 | 3.8 |
20120321 | 221725 | 38.281 | 20.438 | 14.9 | 1.5 |
20120321 | 221935 | 38.292 | 20.440 | 12.5 | 1.7 |
20120321 | 223254 | 38.293 | 20.433 | 13.2 | 3.1 |
20120321 | 225619 | 38.223 | 20.366 | 19.2 | 1.7 |
20120322 | 003812 | 35.490 | 26.100 | 30.0 | 4.1 |
20120322 | 022835 | 38.096 | 20.221 | 14.8 | 1.9 |
20120322 | 024747 | 38.290 | 20.422 | 12.3 | 1.7 |
20120322 | 033516 | 37.625 | 20.891 | 6.6 | 1.8 |
20120324 | 214450 | 37.705 | 20.832 | 14.6 | 1.9 |
20120326 | 030017 | 41.780 | 19.310 | 10.0 | 4.7 |
20120326 | 214704 | 38.033 | 20.679 | 13.0 | 1.5 |
20120327 | 143302 | 38.154 | 20.654 | 18.8 | 2.0 |
20120328 | 182115 | 38.123 | 20.425 | 15.4 | 2.1 |
20120328 | 194722 | 38.420 | 21.830 | 18.0 | 3.6 |
20120328 | 225144 | 38.097 | 20.495 | 13.2 | 1.5 |
20120330 | 115809 | 38.268 | 20.727 | 13.1 | 2.6 |
20120330 | 122032 | 38.260 | 20.731 | 12.1 | 2.7 |
20120401 | 221317 | 39.200 | 20.800 | 18.0 | 3.1 |
20120401 | 234849 | 38.179 | 20.651 | 18.9 | 1.9 |
20120402 | 004837 | 38.226 | 20.399 | 16.0 | 1.6 |
20120402 | 233116 | 38.454 | 21.030 | 16.9 | 1.9 |
20120402 | 234157 | 37.988 | 21.380 | 14.3 | 2.4 |
20120403 | 071953 | 38.251 | 20.262 | 8.1 | 2.3 |
20120403 | 195430 | 38.170 | 21.720 | 25.0 | 2.9 |
20120404 | 004931 | 38.085 | 20.255 | 13.0 | 2.1 |
20120404 | 014530 | 38.070 | 21.580 | 19.0 | 3.4 |
20120405 | 035229 | 38.264 | 20.422 | 16.0 | 2.2 |
20120406 | 093507 | 38.203 | 20.387 | 15.9 | 2.1 |
20120406 | 150746 | 38.203 | 20.395 | 15.8 | 1.7 |
20120406 | 210711 | 38.205 | 20.400 | 15.6 | 1.6 |
20120406 | 221227 | 38.236 | 20.322 | 10.4 | 2.0 |
20120406 | 231211 | 38.252 | 20.346 | 8.9 | 1.5 |
20120407 | 002025 | 38.390 | 20.477 | 14.4 | 2.0 |
20120407 | 003533 | 38.236 | 20.378 | 15.6 | 1.4 |
20120408 | 063154 | 38.109 | 20.373 | 18.3 | 2.0 |
20120409 | 075753 | 38.078 | 20.233 | 16.3 | 2.1 |
20120409 | 185245 | 38.061 | 20.216 | 12.4 | 2.2 |
20120409 | 231009 | 38.070 | 21.560 | 17.0 | 2.8 |
20120410 | 002607 | 38.333 | 20.468 | 15.2 | 1.5 |
20120410 | 003957 | 38.252 | 20.398 | 13.5 | 1.5 |
20120410 | 023907 | 38.272 | 20.398 | 13.2 | 1.6 |
20120410 | 024342 | 38.216 | 20.381 | 15.1 | 2.0 |
20120410 | 133338 | 38.067 | 20.229 | 11.4 | 2.6 |
20120410 | 134545 | 38.086 | 20.224 | 12.4 | 2.5 |
20120410 | 142435 | 38.085 | 20.241 | 11.9 | 2.0 |
20120410 | 144845 | 38.216 | 20.379 | 16.4 | 2.3 |
20120410 | 145355 | 38.218 | 20.398 | 15.8 | 1.9 |
20120410 | 152150 | 38.205 | 20.386 | 16.2 | 1.6 |
20120410 | 153316 | 38.225 | 20.385 | 15.6 | 2.7 |
20120410 | 174323 | 38.081 | 20.229 | 13.9 | 2.6 |
20120410 | 215535 | 38.521 | 20.552 | 11.8 | 2.2 |
20120410 | 235049 | 38.206 | 20.370 | 16.4 | 2.0 |
20120410 | 235423 | 38.201 | 20.384 | 16.8 | 1.8 |
20120411 | 000902 | 38.086 | 20.225 | 12.3 | 2.3 |
20120411 | 061851 | 39.670 | 20.400 | 9.0 | 3.7 |
20120411 | 153059 | 38.201 | 20.390 | 17.2 | 2.1 |
20120411 | 220808 | 38.209 | 20.397 | 15.8 | 1.7 |
20120412 | 200701 | 36.970 | 22.070 | 13.0 | 3.4 |
20120412 | 230142 | 37.790 | 21.320 | 27.0 | 2.5 |
20120412 | 231912 | 37.780 | 21.300 | 28.0 | 2.3 |
20120415 | 132543 | 38.223 | 20.335 | 16.0 | 2.4 |
20120415 | 221904 | 38.416 | 20.611 | 13.1 | 2.1 |
20120416 | 003317 | 38.243 | 20.590 | 17.4 | 1.8 |
20120416 | 031947 | 38.300 | 22.130 | 15.0 | 2.9 |
20120416 | 084022 | 38.300 | 22.140 | 17.0 | 3.6 |
20120416 | 112342 | 36.660 | 21.540 | 33.0 | 5.2 |
20120416 | 120216 | 36.620 | 21.650 | 36.0 | 4.2 |
20120416 | 205352 | 38.336 | 20.660 | 9.1 | 1.8 |
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Theodoulidis, N., Cultrera, G., Cornou, C. et al. Basin effects on ground motion: the case of a high-resolution experiment in Cephalonia (Greece). Bull Earthquake Eng 16, 529–560 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-017-0225-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-017-0225-4