Beach ridges U–Th dating in Tongoy bay and tectonic implications for a peninsula–bay system, Chile

doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2012.09.001

Journal of South American Earth Sciences

Volume 40, December 2012, Pages 77-84

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2012.09.001 Get rights and content

Abstract

Along the Chilean coast, peninsulas associated with bays seem to behave as a complex system. They act as barrier to propagation of megathrust earthquakes along strike. To better understand how such a system works from ocean side to more inland, we investigated the area between the Tongoy bay and the Altos de Talinay in northern Chile (∼30°S). It represents a forearc peninsula–bay system in which a normal fault (Puerto Aldea fault) has been described as accommodating a relative vertical motion between the two parts, the peninsula being uplifted with respect to the bay. We dated shells from beach ridges by U–Th disequilibria in order to compare the bay area to the peninsula area for which ¹⁰Be dating of wave-cut platforms are available (Saillard et al., 2009). These indicate: (1) the Puerto Aldea fault activity probably ceased since at least ∼230 ka, implying the bay and peninsula parts are evolving together since then; (2) the uplift rate is variable and has decreased from ∼0.8 m/ka to ∼0.2 m/ka between ∼300 and 100 ka.

Highlights

► We performed up to 300 ka-old successful U–Th dating on beach ridges shells. ► The Puerto Aldea fault activity probably ceased since at least ∼230 ka. ► The bay and peninsula parts are evolving as a rigid block since ∼230 ka. ► The uplift rate is variable and has decreased since ∼230 ka in Tongoy bay. ► Singularity of peninsula–bay system behavior vs. forearc of Central Andes.

Introduction

The North and Central Chilean coast has long been recognized as uplifting (Darwin, 1846; Paskoff, 1970, 1977). The coastline which appears straight at a first glance is in fact constituted by peninsulas and bays systems separated by straight segments. Stair-cased marine terrace sequences are preserved discontinuously along the Chilean coast. The most spectacular sequences are well-preserved in peninsulas: around Mejillones Peninsula (∼23°S; Ortlieb et al., 1996; González et al., 2003; Marquardt, 2005; Quezada, 2006), Caldera Peninsula (∼27°S; Marquardt et al., 2004), Altos de Talinay area (∼30.5°S; Ota et al., 1995; Saillard et al., 2009) and Arauco Peninsula (∼37°S; Melnick et al., 2009). The peninsulas are separated from the bays by normal faults (Paskoff, 1970; Martínez, 1979; Ota et al., 1995; Delouis et al., 1998; González et al., 2003; Heinze, 2003; Allmendinger and González, 2010), and probably act as particular settings in terms of earthquake rupture propagation on the subduction plane (e.g., Delouis et al., 1998; Chlieh et al., 2004; Audin et al., 2008; Melnick et al., 2009; Loveless et al., 2010; Perfettini et al., 2010; Victor et al., 2011). Peninsulas and bays are characterized by two different types of geomorphic markers of paleo-sea level variations and/or coastal uplift that are preserved along a ∼50 km-long section perpendicular to the margin. Generally, marine terraces are wave-cut platforms in peninsulas and wave-built terraces (with marine deposits and beach ridges) in bays due to wave energy (Trenhaile, 1987, 2000; Bloom, 1998; Sunamura, 1992). These two markers show a different behavior of the margin with respect to sea-level variations and coastal uplift according to ocean-facing (peninsulas) or inland (bays) areas (Regard et al., 2010). Geomorphological analyses and dating of coastal uplift markers will allow us to quantify and compare coastal uplift rates between the two areas during late Pleistocene times. A better understanding of the behavior of peninsulas with respect to inland areas would enhance the comprehension of the role of the peninsulas in the earthquake rupture propagation (e.g., Melnick et al., 2009; Victor et al., 2011). To do this we focus on the Tongoy bay and the Altos de Talinay area (∼30.3°S, Fig. 1). It is constituted by a peninsula (the Altos de Talinay or Talinay highs) separated from the Tongoy bay by the Puerto Aldea normal fault (Paskoff, 1970; Ota et al., 1995; Heinze, 2003). The coast is shaped by wave-cut marine terraces along the Altos de Talinay and wave-built terraces with beach ridges in the Tongoy bay. The Altos de Talinay wave-cut terraces have been dated by Saillard et al. (2009) with ¹⁰Be produced in-situ. The present study brings new results from the Tongoy bay, based on U–Th dating of shells from beach ridges, which are discussed in comparison with the Altos de Talinay data.

Section snippets

Geological setting

The study area (∼30.3°S) is located above a flat subduction segment extending from 27°S to 33°S (Gutscher et al., 2000; Yáñez et al., 2001, Fig. 1). The flat slab is probably related to the Juan Fernández ridge subduction beneath the South America plate at 33°S since ∼10 Ma (Yáñez et al., 2001; Espurt et al., 2008). Near the Altos de Talinay and Tongoy bay area, plate convergence velocity is ∼0.82 cm/yr (DeMets et al., 1994) and trends N75°E (Fig. 1). The distance from the trench ranges from

Sampling and analytical methods

Marine shells destined to U–Th dating were collected in the T₂ marine terrace deposits (sample #11) at the mouth of the Tongoy river and from two shell-rich beach ridges preserved on the T₁ marine terrace (samples #8 and #10; Fig. 2 and Table 1). Sample #12 (Fig. 2 and Table 1) consists in a reference as it stands in a present-day formed beach ridge at sea level; the shells collected are still colored. Sample #11 was collected at 12 m amsl and comes from a cross section cut by road works into T₂

Results

The U and Th concentrations and the (²³²Th/²³⁸U), (²³⁰Th/²³⁸U) and (²³⁴U/²³⁸U) activity ratios measured in shells are presented in Table 2. The corresponding Isoplot-calculated ages of terrace shells are presented in Table 3, together with age uncertainties, MSWD, probability of fit and initial (²³⁴U/²³⁸U). Modern shells (C1, C3, C7 and C10) display a wide range of U concentrations, from 1 to 448 ng/g but quite homogeneous Th concentrations, from 1.1 to 5.4 ng/g. Terrace shell samples display U

U–Th ages

U and Th contents of fossil shells are often higher than those of fresh, modern ones which questions the moment of U and Th incorporation into the shell: either soon after death and prior to terrace emersion or later (i.e. open system evolution). A way to address this non trivial question is to analyze local, modern (shore), shells. The large range of U concentrations displayed by the 3 shore samples collected during this study, from 1 to 477 ng/g U (Table 2), clearly indicates that U may

Conclusion

We performed geomorphological analyses on beach ridges from the Tongoy bay, and up to 300 ka-old successful U–Th dating on beach ridges shells. They indicate the Tongoy bay and the Altos de Talinay have been evolving as a rigid block at least since the middle Pleistocene (230–320 ka), with no detectable activity of the Puerto Aldea fault since then. Before sometime between 230 and 320 ka BP, slow uplift rate would have prevailed in the Tongoy bay while high uplift rate occurred along the Altos

Acknowledgments

This research project is led thanks to the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) and CNRS-INSU EC2CO program. We thank J. Chmeleff and R. Freydier for ICP-MS analytical measurements. We also thank two anonymous reviewers for constructive and critical comments on this manuscript.

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Cosmogenic 10Be (Saillard et al., 2009) and UTh (Saillard et al., 2012) derived marine terrace ages, following extrapolation to MIS according to Lajoie (1986), provide highly variable uplift rates of the Altos de Talinay Peninsula, which accelerate from ∼0.1 m/ka to ∼1.7 m/ka within the last ∼10 ka and decrease from ∼0.8 to ∼0.2 m/ka between 300 ka and 100 ka for the bay area. Saillard et al. (2012) proposed that the highland and bay started with differing uplift histories but since ∼230 ka ago they have risen as a single unit. The DEM was produced using a stereo image set provided by the high resolution satellite system GeoEye-1, with additional data coming from the camera system used (RPC model).
The Mejillones Peninsula is thought to have one of the highest rates of tectonic uplift along the active convergent margin of northern Chile. We use exposure age dating from a flight of well-preserved marine terraces to determine the long-term tectonic history of the northern part of the Peninsula. Terrace ages suggest the area is comprised of discrete crustal blocks with differing uplift chronologies. Periods of uplift reaching rates of 0.60 ± 0.06 m/ka over the last ∼480 ka are recorded on one block, a value that is several-fold higher than is typical for the north Chilean coastline. Subsidence of an adjacent block is suggested by the anomalously old ages of terraces currently close to sea-level, and by observations of paleo-sea cliff warping and measurements of coastal sinuosity. Opposing crustal motion between adjacent blocks is compatible with the formation of intervening normal faults and the hypothesis of ongoing extension of the forearc. Comparisons with published data suggest a contemporaneous acceleration in uplift occurred throughout the Peninsula, with higher rates of mean uplift observed after 480 ka. A second, even more rapid period of uplift occurred sometime within the last 200 ka, most likely 40 ka ago. Uplift of the footwall due to downthrowing blocks on normal faults caused by crustal extension may be one of the mechanisms causing the pulses of accelerated uplift rates of the Mejillones Peninsula. Another hypothesis is an increase of subduction earthquake activity. Both hypotheses suggesting a more general link to plate coupling and are not mutually exclusive.

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¹: Present address: Unité de Modélisation du Climat et des Cycles Biogéochimiques (UMCCB), Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Université de Liège, 17 Allée du Six Aout, 4000 Liège, Belgium.

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Beach ridges U–Th dating in Tongoy bay and tectonic implications for a peninsula–bay system, Chile

Abstract

Highlights

Introduction

Section snippets

Geological setting

Sampling and analytical methods

Results

U–Th ages

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Tectonophysics

Radiation Physics and Chemistry

Applied Geochemistry

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

Applied Radiation and Isotopes

Journal of South American Earth Sciences

Quaternary Science Reviews

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

Quaternary Research

Sedimentary Geology

Tectonophysics

Quaternary Science Reviews

Quaternary Research

Earth Science Reviews

Geomorphology

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

Geomorphology

Marine Geology

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

Neogene to Quaternary tectonics of the coastal cordillera, northern Chile

Tectonics

Estructuras y estratigrafía básica de terrazas marinas en sector costero de Altos de Talinay y Bahía Tongoy: implicancia neotectónica

Geomorphology: a Systematic Analysis of Late Cenozoic Landforms

Fractionation during weathering and river transport

Crustal deformation and fault slip during the seismic cycle in the North Chile subduction zone, from GPS and InSAR observations

Geophysical Journal International

Geological Observations on South America. Being the Third Part of the Geology of the Voyage of the Beagle, under the Command of Capt. Fitzroy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836