Reappraisal of the Jianchuan Cenozoic basin stratigraphy and its implications on the SE Tibetan plateau evolution

doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2017.02.007

Tectonophysics

Volumes 700–701, 20 March 2017, Pages 162-179

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2017.02.007 Get rights and content

Highlights

•
New stratigraphy for the Jianchuan basin with all deposits younger than Oligocene
•
The Jianchuan Fm is ~ 35.4 ± 0.8 Ma old and the Shuanghe Fm is 35.9 ± 0.9 Ma old.
•
Transition from braided-fluvial to lacustrine-palustrine prior to ~ 36 Ma
•
UltraK magmatic event (35.2 ± 0.4 Ma) coeval with sedimentation and E-W shortening
•
Previous high paleoaltitude estimates for the basin are re-evaluated to 1200 ± 1200 m

Abstract

We present a new stratigraphy of the Jianchuan basin, one of the largest Cenozoic sedimentary basins in southeastern Tibet. This basin was regarded as recording sedimentation from the Eocene up to the Pliocene, and as such has been the focus of several studies aiming at constraining the environmental, tectonic and topographic evolution of the area. Within the Shuanghe and Jianchuan formations thirteen new zircon U/Pb ages and one biotite ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar age of interbedded and cross-cutting ultrapotassic magmatic rocks show that a brief magmatic event occurred from ~ 35.7 to ~ 34.5 Ma (35.2 ± 0.4 Ma on average). The uppermost formation (Jianchuan Fm), supposedly Pliocene in age, is related to this magmatic event and is 35.4 ± 0.8 Ma old. All sedimentary formations are thus Eocene in age, with neither Oligocene nor Miocene sediments. The coal-bearing Shuanghe Formation yields a fossil of a large amynodontid typical of the Upper Eocene Ergilian interval (37.2 to 33.9 Ma). Sedimentation of the Shuanghe Formation took place in a short time interval at ~ 35.9 ± 0.9 Ma, after a large-scale drainage reorganization that induced the abandonment of a large braided-river system. This reorganization was possibly linked with the initiation of the left-lateral Ailao-Shan Red River fault and/or to widespread magmatism in the Jianchuan basin. Previous high paleoaltitude estimates for the Jianchuan basin are thoroughly re-evaluated and yield a value of 1200 ± 1200 m.a.s.l. for the Upper Eocene.

Graphical abstract

Introduction

Tibet is the widest and highest plateau on Earth. It covers 2,000,000 km² at a mean elevation of 5000 m. The formation of this high elevation landscape is considered to be linked with the convergence between the Indian and Eurasian plates and their continental collision that started ~ 55 Ma ago. Debates on the way the convergence is absorbed and the timing and geodynamic processes of the plateau uplift are still vivid. Various models have been proposed, such as homogeneous thickening (England and Houseman, 1986, Murphy et al., 1997), mantle delamination (Harrison et al., 1992), Indian plate underthrusting beneath the Asian plate (Powell and Conaghan, 1973), lateral extrusion of continental blocks along major strike-slip faults (Tapponnier et al., 1982, Tapponnier et al., 2001), and channel flow (Royden et al., 1997, Clark and Royden, 2000).

One key observation that would help to test these models is the temporal evolution of the deformation and altitude at the plateau margins. In particular, it has been hypothesized that all mechanisms mentioned above took place in SE Tibet. In that zone, the Jianchuan Cenozoic basin has been the focus of several studies as it is a wide basin, which, according to geological maps, records continuous sedimentation from the Eocene to the Pliocene. As such it may contain sedimentary archives that should help unraveling the paleoenvironmental evolution of the area since the beginning of the collision, as well as altitudinal and latitudinal variations.

However, dating continental sediments is difficult and, whilst these contains volcanodetritic levels and are crosscut by plutonic rocks, no systematic study has ever been conducted to provide the absolute ages of the sedimentary formations. These ages could then be used to constrain the tectonic and altitudinal variations through time. We performed geological mapping and geochronological dating that allow us to propose a new stratigraphy and to constrain the absolute timing of sedimentation, and can thus discuss the paleoenvironmental, tectonic, latitudinal and altitudinal evolution of that part of Tibet.

Section snippets

Geological setting

The Yunnan highlands stand at ~ 2000 m.a.s.l. between the South China Sea and the ≥ 4000 m.a.s.l. southeastern Tibetan plateau (Fig. 1a). The area results from the amalgamation of continental blocks through the Paleozoic and Mesozoic with the Qiangtang and Songpan-Garze blocks to the North, and the Indochina and South China blocks to the South. The Jianchuan Cenozoic basin is located in the southernmost part of the Qiangtang block, lying east of the N-S Benzilan suture, which belongs to the Jinsha

Conventional stratigraphy

Based on small-scale geological maps, the Jianchuan basin sediments are Eocene to Neogene in age (i.e., Pan et al., 2004, BGMRYP (Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Yunnan Pr). This is consistent with larger-scale maps and previous studies in which five main formations are defined in the Jianchuan basin, whilst detailed mapping varies (Yunnan Geological Survey, 2008, Yan et al., 2012, Yang et al., 2014, Wei et al., 2016, Tong et al., 2015) (Table SM 2). From bottom to top these are the

Absolute age constraints

As emphasized in 2 Geological setting, 3 Stratigraphy of the Jianchuan Cenozoic basin, the Jianchuan area is rich in magmatic bodies and volcanosedimentary rocks that can be dated using geochronological techniques. In order to constrain the age of some of the formations we compiled available geochronological ages and conducted in situ zircon U-Pb dating on thirteen samples (Fig. 2, Table 1). For one sample, we also dated biotite with the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar method. Moreover, the analysis of

Implications on Eocene Tibet evolution

The Jianchuan basin was considered to be the only large sedimentary basin spanning the whole Cenozoic in a key area between SE Tibet and the Yunnan highlands. Consequently, it has been the target of several studies aiming at constraining the paleoenvironmental, latitudinal and altitudinal evolution of the area. Furthermore, the relationship of the Jianchuan sediments with a possible paleo-course of the Yangtze River, whose first bend is only ~ 30 km to the north, has been extensively discussed.

Conclusions

Sedimentation of the Shuanghe Fm occurred during a short time lapse at ~ 35.9 ± 0.9 Ma and was coeval with the ultrapotassic magmatic event that spans from ~ 35.7 to ~ 34.5 Ma (average age of 35.2 ± 0.4 Ma). These Upper Eocene absolute ages are confirmed by the discovery within the Shuanghe Fm of dental remains of Zaisanamynodon (Belyaeva, 1971), a large amynodontid rhinocerotoid that lived in Asia during the Ergilian (Upper Eocene, 37.2 to 33.9 Ma). The upper part of the Baoxiangsi Fm contains pebbles

Acknowledgments

This project was supported by the Cai Yuanpei program (grant number 27968UC) of the China Scholarship Council/French Ministry of Education, and the SYSTER (Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers du CNRS) program, as well as the Geological Survey of China (grant number 1212011121261), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China University of Geosciences (grant number G1323511641), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 41672195, 41202144 and

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¹: Now at Geologisches Institut, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland.

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Reappraisal of the Jianchuan Cenozoic basin stratigraphy and its implications on the SE Tibetan plateau evolution

Highlights

Abstract

Graphical abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Geological setting

Conventional stratigraphy

Absolute age constraints

Implications on Eocene Tibet evolution

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Gondwana Res.

Earth Sci. Rev.

J. Asian Earth Sci.

Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.

Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol.

Tectonophysics

Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.

J. Asian Earth Sci.

Gondwana Res.

Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.

Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol.

Chem. Geol.

Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.

Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.

Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol.

Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.

Tectonophysics

J. Asian Earth Sci.

Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.

J. Asian Earth Sci.

Gondwana Res.

Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.

Gondwana Res.

Structural Geology Algorithms: Vectors and Tensors in Structural Geology

Physiographic history of the Yangtze

Geogr. J.

Novye dannye po aminodontam SSSR [New data on the amynodonts of the USSR]

Akademiya Nauk SSSR Trudy Paleontologicheskiy Institut

Three-dimensional architecture of a large, mid-channel sand braid bar, Jamuna river, Bangladesh

J. Sediment. Res.

Regional Geology of Yunnan Province, Geological Memoirs, Series 1, n°21

Lithostratigraphy of Yunnan Province

Diachronous uplift of the Tibetan plateau starting 40 Myr ago

Nature

The age of the potassic alkaline igneous rocks along the Ailao Shan–Red River shear zone: implications for the onset age of left-lateral shearing: a discussion

The Journal of Geology

Topographic ooze: building the eastern margin of Tibet by lower crustal flow

Geology

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Tectonics

Large-scale drainage capture and surface uplift in eastern Tibet–SW China before 24 Ma inferred from sediments of the Hanoi Basin, Vietnam

Geophys. Res. Lett.

A new Late Cretaceous to Present APWP for Asia and its implications for paleomagnetic shallow inclinations in Central Asia and Cenozoic Eurasian plate deformation

Geophys. J. Int.

Cenozoic volcanism in Tibet: evidence for a transition from oceanic to continental subduction

J. Petrol.

Finite strain calculations of continental deformation: 2. Comparison with the India-Asia collision zone

J. Geophys. Res.