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Simulation of the Basin Effects in the Po Plain During the Emilia-Romagna Seismic Sequence (2012) Using Empirical Green’s Functions

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Abstract

The two main earthquakes that occurred in 2012 (May 20 and 29) in the Reggio-Emiliano region (Northern Italy) were relatively small (Mw 6.1 and Mw 5.9) but they generated unexpected damages in a large area around the epicenter. On some stations, the observed seismic levels exceeded design levels recommended by the EC8 seismic code for buildings and civil engineering works. The ground motions generated by the two mainshocks have specific characteristics: the waveforms are mainly controlled by surface waves generated by the deep sedimentary Po plain, by local site effects and also, on some stations, by non-linear behaviors. In this particular context, we test the ability of an empirical Green’s function (EGF) simulation approach to reproduce the recorded seismograms in a large frequency band without any knowledge of the underground medium. We focus on the possibility to reproduce the strong surface waves generated by the basin at distances between 25 and 90 km. We choose to work on the second mainshock of the sequence (Mw 5.9), which occurred on May 29, 2012, because it is better recorded by the seismological networks than the May 20th first mainshock. We use a k-2 kinematic source model to generate a set of 100 slip distributions on the fault plane and choose the recordings of a close-by Mw 3.9 event as EGF. We then generate a set of broad-band seismograms (from 0.2 to 35 Hz) and compare them to the mainshock signals at 15 stations (Seismograms, Fourier spectra, PGA, PGV, duration, Stockwell Transforms) at epicentral distances from 5 to 160 km. We find that the main specific features of the signals are very well reproduced for all the stations within and beyond the basin. Nevertheless, at nearby stations, the PGA values are over-evaluated, which could be explained by the fact that non- linear effects are not taken into account in the simulation process. A better fit was found for a position of the nucleation point to the bottom west of the fault, that suggest a directivity effect of the rupture process of the May 29th event towards the North–East.

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Acknowledgments

We thank all the persons and organisms involved in the post-seismic experiment, the processing and the distribution of data. A special thanks to Francesca Pacor for her help, and to Giovanna Cultrera for fruitful discussions. This work was supported by the SIGMA project http://www.projet-sigma.com/. The post-seismic intervention of the French team was supported by the Institut National des Sciences de l’Univers CNRS-INSU.

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  1. Géoazur, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, 250 av Einstein, 06560, Valbonne, France

    Alain Dujardin & Françoise Courboulex

  2. ISTerre, Université Joseph Fourier, CNRS, IFSTTAR, BP 53, 38041, Grenoble Cedex 9, France

    Mathieu Causse

  3. CEIDRE-TEGG, Electricité de France (EDF), 13090, Aix-en-Provence, France

    Paola Traversa

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  1. Alain Dujardin
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Correspondence to Alain Dujardin.

Electronic supplementary material

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24_2015_1233_MOESM1_ESM.pdf

Supplementary material 1 (PDF 1847 kb) Figure S1: Velocity time series of the Mw 5.9 event. Left: East-West component, Center: North-South component, right: vertical component. PGV are denoted by yellow dots, and the larger PGV for a station is denoted by a red dot

24_2015_1233_MOESM2_ESM.pdf

Supplementary material 2 (PDF 1961 kb) Figure S2: Determination of the apparent corner frequencies of the EGF for the five closest stations. This determination is done by fitting a theoretical ω−2 model (Brune, 1970) in displacement on the Fourier displacement spectra of the two horizontal components

24_2015_1233_MOESM3_ESM.pdf

Supplementary material 3 (PDF 172 kb) Figure S3: Fourier spectra of the Mw 3.9 event used as EGF (bold line) and of the noise (thin line). Both are NS component of acceleration. A vertical line is drawn at 0.2 Hz, which delimits the lower frequency for which this study is relevant

24_2015_1233_MOESM4_ESM.pdf

Supplementary material 4 (PDF 112 kb) Figure S4: Comparison of Fourier velocities spectra of East-West components. Spectra from the Mw 5.9, May 29, 2012 event are represented in continuous bold green line. Spectra from the 100 EGF simulations are represented in gray, and the simulation with the selected slip distribution (Fig. 2a) is represented in dotted black line. The EGF spectra are represented in thin green line and the ω−2 model is represented by a brown line

24_2015_1233_MOESM5_ESM.pdf

Supplementary material 5 (PDF 517 kb) Figure S5: Comparison between observed velocity time series (cm/s) for the Mw 5.9, May 29, 2012 event (left) and EGF simulations for the selected slip distribution (Figure 2a) (right). Both figures present the East-West component. Yellow dots indicate PGV. Data and simulations are both bandpass filtered between 0.2 and 35 Hz

24_2015_1233_MOESM6_ESM.pdf

Supplementary material 6 (PDF 1403 kb) Figure S6: Comparison between observed velocity time series (cm/s) for the Mw 5.9, May 29, 2012 event (left) and EGF simulations for the selected slip distribution (Figure 2a) (right). Both figures present the vertical component. Yellow dots indicate PGV. Data and simulations are both bandpass filtered between 0.2 and 35 Hz

24_2015_1233_MOESM7_ESM.pdf

Supplementary material 7 (PDF 1455 kb) Figure S7: Comparison between Stockwell transforms of observed velocity time series (NS component) and EGF simulation for the selected slip distribution for stations, T0817 at 33.1 km (a), TGG at 79.4 km (b) and VOBA at 99.2 km (c)

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Dujardin, A., Causse, M., Courboulex, F. et al. Simulation of the Basin Effects in the Po Plain During the Emilia-Romagna Seismic Sequence (2012) Using Empirical Green’s Functions. Pure Appl. Geophys. 173, 1993–2010 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-015-1233-4

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