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Comparative morphological assessment and phylogenetic significance of the wing base articulation in Psylloidea (Insecta, Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha)

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Abstract

The wing articulation sclerites, as well as wing base environment, of phylogenetically distant Psylloidea taxa were examined by optical and electron microscopy in order to estimate the phylogenetic significance of observed morphological patterns. The basiradial bridge is strongly developed and links the fused humeral plate, basisubcostale, basiradiale and second axillary sclerite to the fused veins R + M + Cu. The proximal median plate has a vertical orientation, which may have a role in moving the wing forward and backward. The weak sclerotization posteriad of the second axillary sclerite and anteriad to the third axillary sclerite facilitates the backward movement of the wing. The horizontal hinge (= basal hinge), the vertical hinge and the torsional hinge are the most important fold- and flexion-lines for the mobility of the wing, whereas humeral folds and the anterior axillary fold-line play a minor role. The basalare presents two horns or processes that are autapomorphic traits for the superfamily Psylloidea. The monophyly of Psylloidea is also supported by the absence of the subalare, of the median notal wing process and of the anterior arm of the third axillary sclerite (lacking articulation with second axillary sclerite). Major interspecific variations are observed in tegula, first axillary sclerite and basalare shape and size. The second distal median plate is absent in Homotoma ficus (Homotomidae) and Glycaspis brimblecombei (Spondyliaspidinae), whereas it is present in Calophya schini (Calophyidae) and Psylla buxi (Psyllinae/Arytaininae); the presence of this sclerite could be a synapomorphy linking Calophyidae and the “psyllid assemblage”.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Rebeca Álvarez Zagoya, David Hollis and Kathleen L. Chan for providing some of the specimens used in this investigation. We also thank Imre Foldi and Gérard Mascarell for providing help and advice in scanning electron microscopy. Gilbert Hodebert made the line drawing and Laurent Fauvre helped in preparing the illustrations. This work was supported in part by the European Community’s Sixth Framework Programme to D.O. (Marie Curie Outgoing International Fellowship).

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  1. Département Systématique & Evolution, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, USM601 MNHN/UMR5202 CNRS, C.P. 50, (Bât. Entomologie) 45 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France

    David Ouvrard, Adeline Soulier-Perkins & Thierry Bourgoin

  2. Naturhistorisches Museum, Augustinergasse 2, 4001, Basel, Switzerland

    David Ouvrard & Daniel Burckhardt

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  1. David Ouvrard
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  2. Daniel Burckhardt
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  3. Adeline Soulier-Perkins
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  4. Thierry Bourgoin
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Correspondence to David Ouvrard.

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Ouvrard, D., Burckhardt, D., Soulier-Perkins, A. et al. Comparative morphological assessment and phylogenetic significance of the wing base articulation in Psylloidea (Insecta, Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha). Zoomorphology 127, 37–47 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-007-0049-x

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