Collateral Effects of Insecticide-Treated Nets on Human and Environmental Safety in an Epidemiological Model for Malaria with Human Risk Perception
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Simulations
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ITN | Insecticide-treated net |
WHO | World Health Organization |
References
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Variable | Definition | Units * |
---|---|---|
Humans | ||
Malaria-susceptible individuals w/o, w/ acute, w/ chronic intoxication | H | |
Malaria-exposed individuals w/o, w/ acute, w/ chronic intoxication | H | |
Malaria-infected individuals w/o, w/ acute, w/ chronic intoxication | H | |
Malaria-recovered individuals w/o, w/ acute, w/ chronic intoxication | H | |
Risk perception to ITNs toxicity | R | |
Risk perception to malaria disease | R | |
Risk perception to collateral ecosystem damage from misuse of ITNs | R | |
Vector | ||
Malaria susceptible mosquito w/o, w/ insecticide resistance | M | |
Malaria infected mosquito w/o, w/ insecticide resistance | M | |
Collateral effect—aquatic ecosystem | ||
Ecosystem susceptible to damage | C | |
Damaged ecosystem | C |
Parameter | Definition | Baseline | Units * | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Humans | ||||
Malaria transmission rate to human | [0.015, 0.22] | D | [54,55,56,57,58] | |
Average incubation time | [12, 30] | D | [55,58] | |
Mean infectious period | [180, 720] | D | [54,55,56,57,58] | |
Loss of immunity rate | D | [54] | ||
Intoxication proportion | [0, 0.3] | U | [26,30] | |
Mean detoxification period | [1/6, 2] | D | [59,60] | |
g | Health effects after prolonged exposure | 0.00289 | D | [25,26] |
Recovery rate from chronic toxicity | [0, 0.5] | D | Author chosen | |
Recruitment rate | HD | Author chosen | ||
Natural mortality rate | D | [61,62] | ||
Disease-induced mortality rate | D | [54] | ||
Rate of resistance to change risk perception | [0, 1] | D | [25,51,52,53] | |
Per capita reaction to change risk perception | [0, 1] | RD, R | [25,51,52,53] | |
Mosquito net coverage | [0, 1] | U | [7] | |
Vector | ||||
Malaria transmission rate to mosquito | [0.015, 0.24] | D | [54,55,56,57,58] | |
Proportion of mosquitoes becoming resistant | [0, 1] | U | [1,7,63] | |
Recruitment rate | MD | Author chosen | ||
Natural mortality rate | [1/30, 1] | D | [57,64] | |
Increase in the mortality rate | [4.4, 48.9]% | U | [65] | |
Collateral effect—aquatic ecosystem | ||||
Percentage of species susceptible to ITN fishing | U | [66] | ||
Recruitment rate | CD | Author chosen | ||
Natural mortality rate | D | [67,68] | ||
Damage-induced mortality rate | D | [67,68] | ||
Loss of damage rate | D | [67,68] |
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Gutiérrez-Jara, J.P.; Vogt-Geisse, K.; Cabrera, M. Collateral Effects of Insecticide-Treated Nets on Human and Environmental Safety in an Epidemiological Model for Malaria with Human Risk Perception. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 16327. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316327
Gutiérrez-Jara JP, Vogt-Geisse K, Cabrera M. Collateral Effects of Insecticide-Treated Nets on Human and Environmental Safety in an Epidemiological Model for Malaria with Human Risk Perception. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(23):16327. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316327
Chicago/Turabian StyleGutiérrez-Jara, Juan Pablo, Katia Vogt-Geisse, and Maritza Cabrera. 2022. "Collateral Effects of Insecticide-Treated Nets on Human and Environmental Safety in an Epidemiological Model for Malaria with Human Risk Perception" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23: 16327. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316327