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Non-invasive and Non-destructive Examination of Artists’ Pigments, Paints and Paintings by Means of X-Ray Imaging Methods

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Analytical Chemistry for the Study of Paintings and the Detection of Forgeries

Part of the book series: Cultural Heritage Science ((CUHESC))

Abstract

Recent studies in which X-ray beams of (sub)micrometre to millimetre dimensions have been used for non-destructive analysis and characterization of pigments, minute paint samples and/or entire paintings from fifteenth to twentieth century artists are discussed. The overview presented encompasses the use of laboratory and synchrotron radiation-based instrumentation and deals with the use of several variants of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) as a method of elemental analysis and imaging as well as with the combined use with X-ray diffraction (XRD). Microscopic XRF (μ-XRF) is a variant of the XRF method able to visualize the elemental distribution of key elements, mostly metals, on the scale from 1 μm to 100 μm present inside multi-layered micro samples taken from paintings. In the context of the characterization of artists’ pigments subjected to natural degradation, in many cases the use of methods limited to elemental analysis or imaging does not suffice to elucidate the chemical transformations that have taken place. However, at synchrotron facilities, combinations of μ-XRF with related methods such as μ-XAS (microscopic X-ray absorption spectroscopy) and μ-XRD have proven themselves to be very suitable for such studies. Since microscopic investigation of a relatively limited number of minute paint samples may not yield representative information about the complete artefact they were taken from, several methods for macroscopic, non-invasive imaging have recently been developed. Combined macroscopic XRF/XRD scanning is able to provide a fairly complete overview of the inorganic pigments employed to create a work of art, to answer questions about ongoing degradation phenomena and about its authenticity. As such these newly developed non-invasive and highly specific imaging methods are of interest for many cultural heritage stakeholders.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. AXIS Research Group, NANOLab Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium

    Frederik Vanmeert, Steven De Meyer, Arthur Gestels, Ermanno Avranovich Clerici, Nina Deleu, Stijn Legrand, Piet Van Espen, Geert Van der Snickt, Letizia Monico & Koen Janssens

  2. Laboratory Department, Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage, Brussels, Belgium

    Frederik Vanmeert & Steven Saverwyns

  3. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands

    Ermanno Avranovich Clerici, Matthias Alfeld & Joris Dik

  4. ARCHES Research Group, Conservation/Restauration Department, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium

    Nina Deleu, Stijn Legrand, Geert Van der Snickt & Koen Janssens

  5. CNR-SCITEC and Centro SMAArt, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy

    Letizia Monico

  6. European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Experimental Division, Grenoble, France

    Wout De Nolf & Marine Cotte

  7. Laboratoire d’Archéologie Moléculaire et Structurale, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France

    Marine Cotte

  8. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Victor Gonzalez & Koen Janssens

  9. Conservation-Restoration Department, Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage, Brussels, Belgium

    Livia Depuydt-Elbaum

Authors
  1. Frederik Vanmeert
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  2. Steven De Meyer
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  3. Arthur Gestels
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  4. Ermanno Avranovich Clerici
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  5. Nina Deleu
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  7. Piet Van Espen
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  8. Geert Van der Snickt
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  9. Matthias Alfeld
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  10. Joris Dik
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  11. Letizia Monico
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  12. Wout De Nolf
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  13. Marine Cotte
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  14. Victor Gonzalez
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  15. Steven Saverwyns
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  16. Livia Depuydt-Elbaum
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  17. Koen Janssens
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Koen Janssens .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

    Maria Perla Colombini

  2. Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

    Ilaria Degano

  3. Department of Conservation, Courtauld Institute of Art, London, UK

    Austin Nevin

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Vanmeert, F. et al. (2022). Non-invasive and Non-destructive Examination of Artists’ Pigments, Paints and Paintings by Means of X-Ray Imaging Methods. In: Colombini, M.P., Degano, I., Nevin, A. (eds) Analytical Chemistry for the Study of Paintings and the Detection of Forgeries. Cultural Heritage Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86865-9_11

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