Energy efficiency assessment for the Antalya Region hotels in Turkey

doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2005.11.006

Energy and Buildings

Volume 38, Issue 8, August 2006, Pages 964-971

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2005.11.006 Get rights and content

Abstract

The hotels in the Antalya Region of Turkey have become a major consumer of energy, water and other resources. However, at present, there are no existing guidelines for the efficient use and management of these resources. Energy management includes increasing in profitability due to the reduced operational costs and it is also a potential for improved market share. Many different evaluation models have been published in energy management literature. However there have been not so many systematic approaches to compare the relative efficiency of the systems. Data envelopment analysis is a special linear programming model for deriving the comparative efficiency of multiple-input multiple-output decision-making units. An evaluation of energy efficiency in 32 five-star hotels in the Antalya Region has been carried out and the results are discussed in this paper. According to this study eight hotels are efficient and twenty-four hotels are inefficient. Also for these 24 inefficient hotels, ideal energy consumptions (electricity, water and liquefied petroleum gas consumptions) are proposed to become efficient these hotels. In this study data envelopment analysis models are evaluated by using a linear programming package LINGO 5.0.

Introduction

The tourism industry has an important economic and regional effect in any country. Tourism covers a large number of relatively heterogeneous small to medium-sized business entities. Antalya is a major tourist centre in Turkey. Because of the archaeological and the natural richness of the area, Antalya has a significant potential for tourism development.

In this paper energy use in the Turkey tourism sector, especially the Antalya Region, was studied with a particular focus in accommodation facilities, specifically, hotels. Hotels vary greatly in size, standards, occupancy level, etc. This includes different functional facilities in a hotel such as numbers of different restaurants, variability of occupancy levels throughout the year, varied personal preferences of indoor environment expected by guests, etc. These will lead to different energy consumption situations in hotel buildings. In any building, energy performance depends on so many factors such as lighting, water heating, air-conditioning, cooking, ironing/cleaning, refrigerating, etc. Because of the amount of energy consumed in a hotel building for its operational purpose, managers should study about energy usage performance for achieving better energy efficiency in the hotel buildings. It is strongly emphasized that good energy management is the only lasting solution to all energy problems.

Energy usage performances and energy efficiencies for the various types of the energy sources of the hotel buildings have been studied by different authors. Generally total energy consumption and electricity consumption levels are analyzed by the most of the authors instead of water and liquefied petroleum gas consumption levels. There are some surveys related on the energy efficiency studied in the hotels with the Mediterranean type climate. But a few of them submitted comprehensible and comparable data about the energy consumption levels (especially in electricity, water and liquefied petroleum gas) when it is considered the data and results in this study. Santamouris et al. [1] presented several scenarios to reduce energy consumption levels for 158 Hellenic hotels by using different simulations. The annual average total energy consumption in these hotels was measured as 273 kwh/m². Energy use performance (especially electricity) in 16 quality hotels in Hong Kong was evaluated in terms of energy use index by Deng and Burnett [2]. Average total energy use was stated as 564 kwh/m² by them and 79% of this consumption was related on the electricity use approximately. In a different survey, Deng [3] analyzed electrical and water profiles recorded in 36 quality hotels in Hong Kong over a period of 12 months to examine the potential energy saving measures and to search for suitable energy and water use performance by using regression analysis again. It was noted that average total energy use, average electricity use and average water use were 542, 370 kwh/m² and 4.93 m³/m², respectively. An overview of water use in 17 hotels in Hong Kong was presented by Deng and Burnett [4] again. Average water use for nine five-star hotels was measured as 5.1 m³/m². Yu and Chang [5], [6] investigated the operating efficiency and annual electricity consumption of air-cooled chillers in different hotels and discussed the implications of improved chiller efficiency for reducing the electricity demand of hotels. They emphasized that, according to the literature, electricity consumptions of 16 hotels in Hong Kong varied widely from 148 to 926 kwh/m². They also studied how energy signatures could be used as an alternative to energy use intensity for the energy performances of different types of chillers in a hotel by using simulation. Khemiri and Hassairi [7] assessed energy consumption and energy efficiency concepts in the Tunisian hotel sector, submitted results from the data collected during the audits of a selected sample hotel and gave some comparisons about electricity, water and gas consumption levels as the main energy sources for this hotel during the three different years. According to this study, with the some possible measures, annual average total energy consumption decreased from 372 to 170.9 kwh/m². Thirty-seven different sized hotels in Vietnam were classified as electricity and water consumption, and waste generation in another study [8]. In this survey, annual average electricity and water consumptions for four-star, three-star and two-star hotels measured as 141 kwh/m² and 4 m³/m², 143 kwh/m² and 5 m³/m² and 101 kwh/m² and 4 m³/m², respectively.

The most important objective of this study is to measure and to compare the hotels’ energy performance and to identify the relatively best-performing hotels and the relatively worst-performing hotels by the aims of data envelopment analysis methodology. It also investigates hotels’ efficiency score and how the inputs and outputs of inefficient hotels can be modified in order to move them into efficient production frontier.

In the rest of the study, brief information about the basic energy consumption areas of the hotels was given firstly. Then the methodological issues of the used data envelopment analysis technique were described in detail and a case study was carried out to determine the efficient hotels. Finally the results, discussions and main conclusions were presented and summarized.

Section snippets

Energy use in hotels

In a hotel building, various types of energy are required to operate its departmental services. Different types of energy are normally used in hotels. These are electricity, liquefied petroleum gas, diesel fuel, coal, natural gas, etc. Electricity is the primary form of energy used within hotel facilities. It is used generally for air-conditioning, heating, lighting, vertical transportation lifts, escalators and miscellaneous items including kitchen equipment, etc. Liquefied petroleum gas is

Data envelopment analysis

Data envelopment analysis is used in evaluating the performances of different kinds of entities engaged in different activities and contexts. It is a useful technique because of the complex nature of the relations between the multiple inputs and multiple outputs involved in many of the activities. This methodology utilizes techniques such as mathematical programming which can handle large numbers of variables and relations (constraints). It has also been used to supply new insights into

Empirical research design

According to data envelopment analysis the resources are typically referred to as “inputs” and the outcomes as “outputs”. The inputs should capture resources which are required to be minimized. The outputs should reflect all useful outcomes on which is wished to assess the decision-making units. The input–output selection process is a difficult task. The main important point in this process is that the input–output variables should be chosen in concordance with the type of efficiency being

Results and discussion

Once the calculations have been carried out the most efficient hotels are: hotel 1, hotel 2, hotel 3, hotel 8, hotel 9, hotel 11, hotel 13 and hotel 16. According to the calculations other hotels are relatively inefficient and these hotels have to reduce their electricity, water and liquefied petroleum gas consumption values by using their “reference set” hotels. Also by using these input and output values of the efficient hotels, the improvement ratios of inefficient hotels are calculated.

Conclusion

The objective of this study was to analyze in energy usage performance in 32 five-star hotel buildings in the Antalya Region. The study was based on utility billing data. The results of this study form an insight into the industry and provide benchmarks for the different hotels. From the results presented, it can be seen that the energy consumption is very much diversified. It is not surprising that hotels consume most energy per visitor, so there is a strong correlation between occupancy rate

References (16)

M. Santamouris et al.
Energy conservation and retrofitting potential in Hellenic hotels
Energy and Buildings
(1996)
S. Deng et al.
A study of energy performance of hotel buildings in Hong Kong
Energy and Buildings
(2000)
S. Deng
Energy and water uses and their performance explanatory indicators in hotels in Hong Kong
Energy and Buildings
(2003)
S. Deng et al.
Water use in hotels in Hong Kong
International Journal of Hospitality Management
(2002)
F.W. Yu et al.
Electricity end-use characteristics of air-cooled chillers in hotels in Hong Kong
Building and Environment
(2005)
F.W. Yu et al.
Energy signatures for assessing the energy performance of chillers
Energy and Buildings
(2005)
A. Khemiri et al.
Development of energy efficiency improvement in the Tunisian hotel sector: a case study
Renewable Energy
(2005)
D.M. Trung et al.
Resource use and waste management in Vietnam hotel industry
Journal of Cleaner Production
(2005)

There are more references available in the full text version of this article.

Cited by (129)

Engaging hotel guests to reduce energy and water consumption: A quantitative review of guest impact on resource use in tourist accommodation
2023, Cleaner and Responsible Consumption
Compared to residential and commercial buildings, hotels use a high amount of resources in their operation, particularly electricity, water and gas. Resource use in hotels is influenced by both hosts and guests, however initiatives to reduce consumption are typically initiated by the host. To improve the effectiveness of host requests aimed at guests to use less resources, it is important to understand how hotel guests contribute to overall consumption. This study assesses quantitative resource consumption and occupancy data from two Australian case study hotels and investigates the impact of guest occupancy on net resource use. Agency theory is adopted as a framework to examine the host (principle) – guest (agent) exchange, and the agency costs associated with discretionary resource usage by the guest. It is found that guest numbers have little impact on net electricity consumption, however, are closely correlated with water consumption in both case studies. The findings suggest that strategies to reduce resource use are to be organised differently between electricity and water, with the former targeted at the hosts and the latter with the guests. Engaging with guests to reduce discretionary water consumption is expected to achieve greater reductions as compared to electricity and gas. The findings have implications for hotel operators and researchers toward designing and implementing effective resource use reduction strategies in hotels, and for understanding hotel resource use in the context of agency theory.
Exploring the evolution of energy research in hospitality: Mapping knowledge trends, insights, and frontiers
2023, Energy Reports
In view of the lack of knowledge concerning the evolution, hotspots, and frontiers of energy research in the hospitality industry, this paper explores the development of energy research and knowledge in the hospitality industry by conducting information mining and knowledge mapping using bibliometric analysis of publications obtained from the Web of Science. Our findings demonstrate that (1) interdisciplinary research combining natural science and social science is essential for advancing the field of hotel energy consumption. (2) The knowledge base shifted from engineering and architecture to hotel management and social science, with early hotspots including building refrigeration systems and thermal storage devices, while the energy-saving behavior of stakeholders is a new frontier. (3) Since 2006, hotspots have shifted from energy performance and accounting to energy consumption benchmark formulation, carbon emission accounting, and customer green behavior, indicating high integration and future research trends. The results of this study provide a fundamental framework for researchers to investigate energy-related aspects in the hospitality industry. Our findings demonstrate the need for interdisciplinary research, highlighting that hotel management must integrate natural and social sciences to develop effective energy-saving strategies, reduce energy consumption, and minimize carbon emissions.
A review of annual, monthly, and hourly electricity use in buildings
2023, Energy and Buildings
This paper analyzes electricity use in buildings and explores key research questions related to assessing, rating, labeling, and benchmarking building energy use. The analysis reviews annual Energy Use Intensity (EUI) data from 3060 fully electric-powered buildings across six categories: residential, educational, offices, hospitals, hotels and restaurants, and wholesale and retail trade services. One-fifth of the analyzed buildings is derived from an energy dataset that offers a higher time-scale resolution, providing more detailed insights into energy usage patterns. The analysis employs various factors, including the seasonal variation factor (SVF), daily variation factor (DVF), monthly factor (M_f), and hourly factor (H_f), to gain a detailed understanding of actual energy usage at different time scales. The findings indicate that electricity use is less sensitive to seasonal variations than other energy carriers that provide heating and cooling. The paper provides hourly and monthly peak load percentages (PPL), which can indirectly assist in assessing hourly schedules for building energy performance simulations. The monthly energy use pattern varies between building categories, with high-energy months alternating between winter and summer. For non-residential buildings, high-energy hours correspond directly to the daytime, while for residential buildings, there is a shift towards the evening, and the daily amplitude is lower. Furthermore, the analysis of daily and monthly variability of heating energy carriers, even if non-electric, sheds light on the implications of electrification for these loads.
Knowledge mapping of energy research in the hospitality industry to evaluation research collaboration
2023, Heliyon
Analyzing collaborations on energy research in the hotel industry has important implications for promoting the research performance in this field. The Web of Science Core Collection from 1984 to 2022 was used to analyze the research contributions and cooperation networks and clusters at three levels: macro (national level), meso (institutional level), and micro (key authors and papers) using a bibliometric approach. The results show the following. (1) The cooperative relationship is the closest between China and the United States. Developed countries in Europe exhibit more academic cooperation. (2) There is a significant regional imbalance in the cooperation between universities. Leading universities rely on their strengths in energy research or hotel management and are often highly productive institutions. (3) The breadth of the authors' cooperation is insufficient. Collaborative research dominated by productive authors tends to focus on practical issues in the local hotel industry. The collaboration between experts from different disciplines benefits from the complementary advantages of these experts. (4) Hotel energy research has evolved from single-disciplinary research in the early days to interdisciplinary research in recent years. This paper provides visualizations of current conditions and deficiencies in existing research collaborations and provides a reference for analyzing the potential of research cooperation.
Improving operation management performance of air conditioners in offices using data envelopment analysis
2022, Journal of Building Engineering
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems account for the bulk of a building's energy use, which means that potentially significant energy savings can be made by efficiently modifying how those systems are operated. Although several studies have demonstrated that optimizing the operation of HVAC equipment in combination with sensor readings can reduce potentially wasteful processes, such efforts are limited to buildings that have or can incorporate additional sensors. As an alternative approach, this paper aims to identify potentially wasted energy and provide suggested improvements for buildings that do not have installed sensors, which is important because such suggestions can extend the scope of energy reduction measures. More specifically, we hypothesized that comparing differences in user operations would make it possible to identify potentially wasteful operating times. Accordingly, we began our study by identifying target days and days for improvement using data envelopment analysis and then detected operational differences by comparing their operating times. Our new method was then applied to variable refrigerant flow systems in an office building as a case study. The obtained results showed that the potential for energy reduction was about 7.5%. These results, which helped determine the appropriate times for automatically shutting down each indoor unit, proved effective in implementing energy reduction measures. The novelty of this paper is that it clarified the energy waste that can be detected based on operating times, which is expected to lead to the development of additional options for energy reduction measures, thereby allowing building owners to implement more effective actions based on the sizes and conditions of their buildings.
Impacts of digital technology on energy sustainability: China case study
2022, Applied Energy
Energy resources are inseparable from the activities of human society, making the sustainable development of energy a global goal. This study aims to apply quantitative methods to measure the impact of digital technology on energy sustainability. This study explained the connotation of sustainable energy development and analyzed the role of digital technology therein by constructing an evaluation index system for the level of digital technology based on digital infrastructure, the popularization of digital equipment, and the application of digital technology. Then, using Chinese time-series data 2002–2019, the entropy weight technique for order preference by similarity to the ideal solution method was adopted to evaluate China’s digital technology development level. Finally, a vector autoregressive model was established to study the interrelations between China’s digital technology and sustainable energy development based on energy production, supply, consumption, and environmental protection. The results showed that China’s digital technology level has improved significantly since 2002. This has effectively promoted sustainable energy development, as reflected in the growth of the output of the energy industry, drop in energy supply losses, reduced energy consumption, and decrease in energy-related environmental pollution. The latter two have been significantly affected by digital technology, whereas the effects of digital technology on the first two were relatively limited. Moreover, while the effects of digital technology on energy production, supply, and consumption are long-lasting, the effects on energy-related environmental protection are relatively short-lived. In addition, while digital technology has helped China to reduce its SO₂ emissions, it has had a limited effect on curbing CO₂ emissions. To ensure sustainable energy development, China should take multiple measures to fully realize the benefits of digital technology through diverse environmental regulations and policies.

View all citing articles on Scopus

View full text

Energy efficiency assessment for the Antalya Region hotels in Turkey

Abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Energy use in hotels

Data envelopment analysis

Empirical research design

Results and discussion

Conclusion

Energy and Buildings

Energy and Buildings

Energy and Buildings

International Journal of Hospitality Management

Building and Environment

Energy and Buildings

Renewable Energy

Journal of Cleaner Production