Notes
Kairos (καιρος) is the Greek word for the right time in contrast to Chronos (χρονος), the term for time in general.
References
Duboule D (2003) Time for chronomics? Science 301:277
Halberg F, Cornelissen G, Wang Z, etal. (2003) Chronomics: circadian and circaseptan timing of radiotherapy, drugs, calories, perhaps nutriceuticals and beyond. 101
Moser M, Frühwirth M, Penter R, Winker R (2006) Why life oscillates? – from a topographical towards a functional chronobiology. Cancer Causes Control 17:591–599
Stevens RG, Rea MS (2001) Light in the built environment: potential role of circadian disruption in endocrine disruption and breast cancer. Cancer Causes Control 12:279–287
Schernhammer ES, Laden F, Speizer FE, etal. (2001) Rotating night shifts and risk of breast cancer in women participating in the nurses’ health study. J Natl Cancer Inst 93:1563–1568
Tynes T, Hannevik M, Andersen A, Vistnes AI, Haldorsen T (1996) Incidence of breast cancer in Norwegian female radio and telegraph operators. Cancer Causes Control 7:197–204
Davis S, Mirick DK, Stevens RG (2001) Night shift work, light at night, and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 93:1557–1562
Hansen J (2001) Increased breast cancer risk among women who work predominantly at night. Epidemiology 12:74–77
Rafnsson V, Tulinius H, Jonasson JG, Hrafnkelsson J (2001) Risk of breast cancer in female flight attendants: a population-based study (Iceland). Cancer Causes Control 12:95–101
Pukkala E, Auvinen A, Wahlberg G (1995) Incidence of cancer among Finnish airline cabin attendants, 1967–92. BMJ 311:649–652
Haldorsen T, Reitan JB, Tveten U (2000) Cancer incidence among Norwegian airline pilots. Scand J Work Environ Health 26:106–111
Blettner M, Zeeb H, Langner I, Hammer GP, Schafft T (2002) Mortality from cancer and other causes among airline cabin attendants in Germany, 1960–1997. Am J Epidemiol 156:556–565
Key TJ, Verkasalo PK, Banks E (2001) Epidemiology of breast cancer. Lancet Oncol 2:133–140
Fu L, Lee CC (2003) The circadian clock: pacemaker and tumour suppressor. Nat Rev Cancer 3:350–361
Fu L, Pelicano H, Liu J, Huang P, Lee C (2002) The circadian gene Period2 plays an important role in tumor suppression and DNA damage response in vivo. Cell 111:41–50
Filipski E, King VM, Li X, etal. (2002) Host circadian clock as a control point in tumor progression. J Natl Cancer Inst 94:690–697
Filipski E, King VM, Li X, etal. (2003) Disruption of circadian coordination accelerates malignant growth in mice. Pathol Biol (Paris) 51:216–219
Megdal SP, Kroenke CH, Laden F, Pukkala E, Schernhammer ES (2005) Night work and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 41:2023–2032
Filipski E, Delaunay F, King VM, etal. (2004) Effects of chronic jet lag on tumor progression in mice. Cancer Res 64:7879–7885
van den Heiligenberg S, Depres-Brummer P, Barbason H, Claustrat B, Reynes M, Levi F (1999) The tumor promoting effect of constant light exposure on diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Life Sci 64:2523–2534
Dauchy RT, Blask DE, Sauer LA, Brainard GC, Krause JA (1999) Dim light during darkness stimulates tumor progression by enhancing tumor fatty acid uptake and metabolism. Cancer Lett 144:131–136
Blask DE, Dauchy RT, Sauer LA, Krause JA, Brainard GC (2003) Growth and fatty acid metabolism of human breast cancer (MCF-7) xenografts in nude rats: impact of constant light-induced nocturnal melatonin suppression. Breast Cancer Res Treat 79:313–320
Bartsch C, Bartsch H (2006) The anti-tumor activity of pineal melatonin and cancer enhancing life styles in industrialized societies. Cancer Causes Control (this volume)
Keith LG, Oleszczuk JJ, Laguens M (2001) Circadian rhythm chaos: a new breast cancer marker. Int J Fertil Womens Med 46:238–247
Mormont MC, Langouet AM, Claustrat B, etal. (2002) Marker rhythms of circadian system function: a study of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer and good performance status. Chronobiol Int 19:141–155
Simpson HW, Pauson AW, McArdle C, Griffiths K, Turkes A (1990) Loss of the progesterone-associated metabolic rhythm in cancer-associated breast tissue. Prog Clin Biol Res 341A:47–53
Chen ST, Choo KB, Hou MF, Yeh KT, Kuo SJ, Chang JG (2005) Deregulated expression of the PER1, PER2 and PER3 genes in breast cancers. Carcinogenesis 26:1241–1246
Gauger MA, Sancar A (2005) Cryptochrome, circadian cycle, cell cycle checkpoints, and cancer. Cancer Res 65:6828–6834
Czeisler CA, Shanahan TL, Klerman EB, etal. (1995) Suppression of melatonin secretion in some blind patients by exposure to bright light. N Engl J Med 332:6–11
Brainard GC, Hanifin JP, Greeson JM, etal. (2001) Action spectrum for melatonin regulation in humans: evidence for a novel circadian photoreceptor. J Neurosci 21:6405–6412
Berson DM, Dunn FA, Takao M (2002) Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock. Science 295:1070–1073
Brainard GC, Hanifin JP, Rollag MD, etal. (2001) Human melatonin regulation is not mediated by the three cone photopic visual system. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:433–436
Hahn RA (1991) Profound bilateral blindness and the incidence of breast cancer. Epidemiology 2:208–210
Feychting M, Osterlund B, Ahlbom A (1998) Reduced cancer incidence among the blind. Epidemiology 9:490–494
Verkasalo PK, Pukkala E, Stevens RG, Ojamo M, Rudanko SL (1999) Inverse association between breast cancer incidence and degree of visual impairment in Finland. Br J Cancer 80:1459–1460
Kliukiene J, Tynes T, Andersen A (2001) Risk of breast cancer among Norwegian women with visual impairment. Br J Cancer 84:397–399
Olsen JH, Jensen OM (1987) Occupation and risk of cancer in Denmark. An analysis of 93,810 cancer cases, 1970–1979. Scand J Work Environ Health 13(Suppl 1):1–91
Kos-Kudla B, Ostrowska Z, Kozlowski A, etal. (2002) Circadian rhythm of melatonin in patients with colorectal carcinoma. Neuroendocrinol Lett 23:239–242
Vician M, Zeman M, Herichova I, Jurani M, Blazicek P, Matis P (1999) Melatonin content in plasma and large intestine of patients with colorectal carcinoma before and after surgery. J Pineal Res 27:164–169
Bartsch C, Bartsch H, Fluchter SH, Mecke D, Lippert TH (1994) Diminished pineal function coincides with disturbed circadian endocrine rhythmicity in untreated primary cancer patients. Consequence of premature aging or of tumor growth? Ann N Y Acad Sci 719:502–525
Khoory R, Stemme D (1988) Plasma melatonin levels in patients suffering from colorectal carcinoma. J Pineal Res 5:251–258
Kvetnaia T, Kvetnoy I, Bartsch H, Bartsch C, Mecke D (2001) Melatonin in patients with cancer of extra-reproductive location. In: Bartsch C, Bartsch H, Blask D, Cardinali D, Hrushesky W, Mecke D (eds) The pineal gland and cancer: neuroimmunoendocrine mechanisms in malignancy, Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp 177–196
Blask DE, Brainard GC, Dauchy RT, etal. (2005) Melatonin-depleted blood from premenopausal women exposed to light at night stimulates growth of human breast cancer xenografts in nude rats. Cancer Res 65:11174–11184
Lissoni P, Chilelli M, Villa S, Cerizza L, Tancini G (2003) Five years survival in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with chemotherapy alone or chemotherapy and melatonin: a randomized trial. J Pineal Res 35:12–15
Vijayalaxmi, Thomas CR, Jr., Reiter RJ, Herman TS (2002) Melatonin: from basic research to cancer treatment clinics. J Clin Oncol 20:2575–2601
Manfredini R, Manfredini F, Conconi F (2000) Standard melatonin intake and circadian rhythms of elite athletes after a transmeridian flight. J Int Med Res 28:182–186
Cardinali DP, Brusco LI, Lloret SP, Furio AM (2002) Melatonin in sleep disorders and jet-lag. Neuroendocrinol Lett 23(Suppl 1):9–13
Aschoff J (1965) Circadian rhythms in man. Science 148:1427–1432
Levi F, Zidani R, Misset JL (1997) Randomised multicentre trial of chronotherapy with oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and folinic acid in metastatic colorectal cancer. International Organization for Cancer Chronotherapy. Lancet 350:681–686
Mormont MC, Levi F (1997) Circadian-system alterations during cancer processes: a review. Int J Cancer 70:241–247
Hrushesky (2003) Circadian cancer chronotherapy: The Necessity for Complementary Preclinical Investigation. webside 3
Levi F (2002) From circadian rhythms to cancer chronotherapeutics. Chronobiol Int 19:1–19
Levi FA, Zidani R, Vannetzel JM, etal. (1994) Chronomodulated versus fixed-infusion-rate delivery of ambulatory chemotherapy with oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and folinic acid (leucovorin) in patients with colorectal cancer metastases: a randomized multi-institutional trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 86:1608–1617
Ekholm EM, Salminen EK, Huikuri HV, etal. (2000) Impairment of heart rate variability during paclitaxel therapy. Cancer 88:2149–2153
Ohdo S, Koyanagi S, Suyama H, Higuchi S, Aramaki H (2001) Changing the dosing schedule minimizes the disruptive effects of interferon on clock function. Nat Med 7:356–360
Li XM, Vincenti M, Levi F (2002) Pharmacological effects of vinorelbine on body temperature and locomotor activity circadian rhythms in mice. Chronobiol Int 19:43–55
Klages L (1923) On the essence of Rhythm (in German)
Hildebrandt G, Moser M, Lehofer M (1998) Chronobiology und chronomedicine—biologic rhythms medical consequences (in German). Hippokrates, Stuttgart
Terman JS, Terman M (1999) Photopic and scotopic light detection in patients with seasonal affective disorder and control subjects. Biol Psychiatry 46:1642–1648
Riemann D, Konig A, Hohagen F, etal. (1999) How to preserve the antidepressive effect of sleep deprivation: A comparison of sleep phase advance and sleep phase delay. Eur Arch Psychiat Clin Neurosci 249:231–237
Moser M, Frühwirth M, Lackner H, etal. (2000) Baufit—stress on the building site—made visible by the heartbeat. AUVA-Report (Vienna) 38:55–70
Bettermann H, von Bonin D, Fruhwirth M, Cysarz D, Moser M (2002) Effects of speech therapy with poetry on heart rate rhythmicity and cardiorespiratory coordination. Int J Cardiol 84:77–88
Cysarz D, von Bonin D, Lackner H, Heusser P, Moser M, Bettermann H (2004) Oscillations of heart rate and respiration synchronize during poetry recitation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 287:H579–H587
Stevens RG (2005) Circadian disruption and breast cancer: from melatonin to clock genes. Epidemiology 16:254–258
Hrushesky WJ (2001) Tumor chronobiology. J Control Release 74:27–30
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank David Auerbach (Medical University of Graz), Christian Bartsch (University of Tübingen, Germany) Rainier Dierdorf (Weleda AG, Switzerland) and F. A. Lévi (Inserm Villejuif, France) for their insightful comments and stimulating discussions. The editors would also like to thank the Austrian Social Insurance for Occupational Risks (AUVA, Vienna, Austria), especially Prof. Dr. Norbert Winker for generous funding of the organization of the conference underlying these publications. Further support came from the companies Weleda (Switzerland/Germany) and Heartbalance (Austria/Switzerland).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This special issue of CCC is dedicated to Gunther Hildebrandt (Marburg, Germany) and Franz Halberg (Minnesota, USA), two great pioneeers of Chronobiology.
Electronic supplementary material
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Moser, M., Schaumberger, K., Schernhammer, E. et al. Cancer and Rhythm. Cancer Causes Control 17, 483–487 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-006-0012-z
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-006-0012-z