Abstract
Continued Amazonian deforestation perturbs the surface turbulent fluxes which are important for building the conditions for the wet season onset in the southern Amazon. This work evaluates the impacts of tropical deforestation on the onset and development of the Amazonian rainy season using a weather typing approach. We use 19-year simulations (2001–2019) with the Regional Earth System Model from the Institute Pierre Simone Laplace (RegIPSL) with twin control/deforestation experiments. RegIPSL represents the dominant modes or the atmospheric circulation patterns (CPs) of the daily-to-decadal circulation variability in tropical South America, and the evolution of atmospheric and surface conditions along the dry-to-wet transition period. According to RegIPSL, forests and crops contribute differently to the onset. During the dry-to-wet transition period, croplands/grasslands present a stronger shallow convection driven by a higher atmospheric temperature. Large-scale subsidence suppresses low-level convection in the region and deep convection only persists over forests where the atmosphere presents more convective potential energy. After the onset and the establishment of large-scale rainfall structures, both land covers behave similarly in terms of surface fluxes. Deforestation decreases the frequency of the CP typically linked to the onset. Changes in the spatial structure and frequency of the wet season CPs reinforce the hypothesis of a deforestation-induced dry season lengthening. Variations in the CP frequency and characteristic rainfall have opposite effects on accumulated rainfall during the dry-to-wet transition period. Whereas alterations in frequency are associated with a regional circulation response, changes in the CP characteristic rainfall correspond to a local response to deforestation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All dataset sources, except RegIPSL modeling results, have been properly referenced by showing the source (web site links). The datasets generated during the current study (RegIPSL outputs) are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Adler B, Kalthoff N, Gantner L (2011) Initiation of deep convection caused by land-surface inhomogeneities in West Africa: a modelled case study. Meteorol Atmos Phys 112:15–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-011-0131-2
Agudelo J, Arias PA, Vieira SC, Martínez JA (2019) Influence of longer dry seasons in the Southern Amazon on patterns of water vapor transport over northern South America and the Caribbean. Clim Dyn 52:2647–2665. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4285-1
Alves LM, Marengo JA, Fu R, Bombardi RJ (2017) Sensitivity of Amazon regional climate to deforestation. Am J Clim Chang. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2017.61005
Arias PA, Fu R, Vera C, Rojas M (2015) A correlated shortening of the North and South American monsoon seasons in the past few decades. Clim Dyn 45:3183–3203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2533-1
Arias PA, Martínez JA, Mejía JD et al (2020) Changes in normalized difference vegetation index in the Orinoco and Amazon River basins: links to tropical Atlantic surface temperatures. J Clim 33:8537–8559. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0696.1
Arias P, Bellouin N, Coppola E, et al (2021) Climate Change 2021: the physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group14 I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Technical Summary. Cambridge University Press
Asner GP (2009) Tropical forest carbon assessment: integrating satellite and airborne mapping approaches. Environ Res Lett 4:034009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/4/3/034009
Badger AM, Dirmeyer PA (2016) Remote tropical and sub-tropical responses to Amazon deforestation. Clim Dyn 46:3057–3066. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2752-5
Bagley JE, Desai AR, Harding KJ et al (2014) Drought and deforestation: has land cover change influenced recent precipitation extremes in the Amazon? J Clim 27:345–361. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00369.1
Baker JCA, Spracklen DV (2019) Climate benefits of intact amazon forests and the biophysical consequences of disturbance. Front For Glob Chang. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2019.00047
Ban N, Caillaud C, Coppola E et al (2021) The first multi-model ensemble of regional climate simulations at kilometer-scale resolution, part I: evaluation of precipitation. Clim Dyn 57:275–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05708-w
Barichivich J, Gloor E, Peylin P et al (2018) Recent intensification of Amazon flooding extremes driven by strengthened Walker circulation. Sci Adv. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat8785
Bastable HG, Shuttleworth WJ, Dallarosa RLG et al (1993) Observations of climate, albedo, and surface radiation over cleared and undisturbed amazonian forest. Int J Climatol. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370130706
Berbet MLC, Costa MH (2003) Climate change after tropical deforestation: seasonal variability of surface Albedo and its effects on precipitation change. J Clim 16:2099–2104. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016%3c2099:CCATDS%3e2.0.CO;2
Boisier JP, Ciais P, Ducharne A, Guimberteau M (2015) Projected strengthening of Amazonian dry season by constrained climate model simulations. Nat Clim Chang 5:656–660. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2658
Bonan GB (2008) Forests and climate change: forcings, feedbacks, and the climate benefits of forests. Science 320(5882):1444–1449. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1155121
Bontemps S, Defourny P, Radoux J, et al (2013) Consistent global land cover maps for climate modelling communities: current achievements of the ESA land cover CCI. In: Proceedings of the ESA living planet symposium. Edimburgh, pp 9–13
Brienen RJW, Phillips OL, Feldpausch TR et al (2015) Long-term decline of the Amazon carbon sink. Nature 519:344–348. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14283
Butt N, De Oliveira PA, Costa MH (2011) Evidence that deforestation affects the onset of the rainy season in Rondonia, Brazil. J Geophys Res Atmos. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015174
Caioni C, Silvério DV, Macedo MN et al (2020) Droughts amplify differences between the energy balance components of amazon forests and croplands. Remote Sens 12:525. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12030525
Calinski T, Harabasz J (1974) A dendrite method for cluster analysis. Commun Stat—Theory Methods 3:1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610927408827101
Case JL, Crosson WL, Kumar SV et al (2008) Impacts of high-resolution land surface initialization on regional sensible weather forecasts from the WRF model. J Hydrometeorol 9:1249–1266. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JHM990.1
Cerón WL, Molina-Carpio J, Ayes Rivera I et al (2020) A principal component analysis approach to assess CHIRPS precipitation dataset for the study of climate variability of the La Plata Basin, Southern South America. Nat Hazards 103:767–783. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04011-x
Chagnon FJF, Bras RL (2005) Contemporary climate change in the Amazon. Geophys Res Lett 32:L13703. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022722
Chen Y, Randerson JT, Morton DC et al (2011) Forecasting fire season severity in South America using sea surface temperature anomalies. Science (80-) 334:787–791. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1209472
Claussen M, Brovkin V, Ganopolski A (2001) Biophysical versus biogeochemical feedbacks of large-scale land cover change. Geophys Res Lett. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012471
Cochrane MA, Alencar A, Schulze MD et al (1999) Positive feedbacks in the fire dynamic of closed canopy tropical forests. Science (80-) 284:1832–1835. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5421.1832
Coe MT, Costa MH, Soares-Filho BS (2009) The influence of historical and potential future deforestation on the stream flow of the Amazon River—land surface processes and atmospheric feedbacks. J Hydrol 369:165–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.02.043
Commar LFSA, Abrahão GM, Costa MH (2023) A possible deforestation-induced synoptic-scale circulation that delays the rainy season onset in Amazonia. Environ Res Lett. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/acc95f
Correa IC, Arias PA, Rojas M (2021) Evaluation of multiple indices of the South American monsoon. Int J Climatol. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6880
Cosgrove BA, Lohmann D, Mitchell KE et al (2003) Land surface model spin-up behavior in the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS). J Geophys Res Atmos 108:2002JD003316. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003316
Costa MH, Pires GF (2010) Effects of Amazon and Central Brazil deforestation scenarios on the duration of the dry season in the arc of deforestation. Int J Climatol 30:1970–1979. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2048
Cox PM, Harris PP, Huntingford C et al (2008) Increasing risk of Amazonian drought due to decreasing aerosol pollution. Nature 453:212–215. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06960
Craig A, Valcke S, Coquart L (2017) Development and performance of a new version of the OASIS coupler, OASIS3-MCT_3.0. Geosci Model Dev 10:3297–3308. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3297-2017
Cutrim E, Martin DW, Rabin R (1995) Enhancement of cumulus clouds over deforested lands in Amazonia. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 76:1801–1805. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1995)076%3c1801:EOCCOD%3e2.0.CO;2
da Anunciação YMT, Walde DH-G, da Rocha RP (2014) Observed summer weather regimes and associated extreme precipitation over Distrito Federal, west-central Brazil. Environ Earth Sci 72:4835–4848. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3607-9
da Paca VH, M, Espinoza-Dávalos GE, Hessels TM et al (2019) The spatial variability of actual evapotranspiration across the Amazon River Basin based on remote sensing products validated with flux towers. Ecol Process 8:6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-019-0158-8
da Silva HJF, Gonçalves WA, Bezerra BG (2019) Comparative analyzes and use of evapotranspiration obtained through remote sensing to identify deforested areas in the Amazon. Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinf 78:163–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2019.01.015
Da Silveira Lobo Sternberg L (2001) Savanna-forest hysteresis in the tropics. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 10:369–378. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822X.2001.00243.x
Davidson EA, de Araújo AC, Artaxo P et al (2012) The Amazon basin in transition. Nature 481:321–328. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10717
de Goncalves LGG, Shuttleworth WJ, Chou SC et al (2006) Impact of different initial soil moisture fields on Eta model weather forecasts for South America. J Geophys Res 111:D17102. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006309
Debortoli NS, Dubreuil V, Funatsu B et al (2015) Rainfall patterns in the Southern Amazon: a chronological perspective (1971–2010). Clim Change 132:251–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-015-1415-1
Diday E, Simon JC (1976) Clustering analysis, digital pattern recognition. Commun Cybern 10:47–94
Dirmeyer PA, Brubaker KL (2007) Characterization of the global hydrologic cycle from a back-trajectory analysis of atmospheric water vapor. J Hydrometeorol. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM557.1
Dominguez F, Eiras-Barca J, Yang Z et al (2022) Amazonian moisture recycling revisited using WRF with water vapor tracers. J Geophys Res Atmos. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD035259
Douville H, Raghavan K, Renwick J, et al (2021) Water Cycle Changes. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA
Eghdami M, Barros AP (2019) Extreme orographic rainfall in the eastern Andes tied to cold air intrusions. Front Environ Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2019.00101
Eiras-Barca J, Dominguez F, Yang Z et al (2020) Changes in South American hydroclimate under projected Amazonian deforestation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14364
Eltahir EAB (1996) Role of vegetation in sustaining large-scale atmospheric circulations in the tropics. J Geophys Res Atmos 101:4255–4268. https://doi.org/10.1029/95JD03632
Eltahir EAB, Bras RL (1994) Precipitation recycling in the Amazon basin. Q J R Meteorol Soc. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712051806
ESA (2017) Land Cover CCI Product User Guide Version 2
Espinoza JC, Guyot JL, Ronchail J et al (2009) Contrasting regional discharge evolutions in the Amazon basin (1974–2004). J Hydrol 375:297–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.03.004
Espinoza JC, Lengaigne M, Ronchail J, Janicot S (2012) Large-scale circulation patterns and related rainfall in the Amazon Basin: a neuronal networks approach. Clim Dyn 38:121–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1010-8
Espinoza JC, Ronchail J, Lengaigne M et al (2013) Revisiting wintertime cold air intrusions at the east of the Andes: propagating features from subtropical Argentina to Peruvian Amazon and relationship with large-scale circulation patterns. Clim Dyn 41:1983–2002. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1639-y
Espinoza JC, Ronchail J, Marengo JA, Segura H (2019) Contrasting North–South changes in Amazon wet-day and dry-day frequency and related atmospheric features (1981–2017). Clim Dyn. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4462-2
Espinoza JC, Arias PA, Moron V et al (2021) Recent changes in the atmospheric circulation patterns during the dry-to wet transition season in south tropical South America (1979–2020): impacts on precipitation and fire season. J Clim. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0303.1
Fassoni-Andrade AC, Fleischmann AS, Papa F et al (2021) Amazon hydrology from space: scientific advances and future challenges. Rev Geophys. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020RG000728
Fearnside PM (1993) Deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia: the effect of population and land tenure. Ambio. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(94)90222-4
Figueroa SN, Nobre CA (1990) Precipitation distribution over central and western tropical South America. Climanálise 5(6):36–45
Figueroa SN, Satyamurty P, Da Silva Dias PL (1995) Simulations of the summer circulation over the south American region with an Eta coordinate model. J Atmos Sci 52:1573–1584. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052%3c1573:SOTSCO%3e2.0.CO;2
Fisch G, Tota J, Machado LAT et al (2004) The convective boundary layer over pasture and forest in Amazonia. Theor Appl Climatol 78:47–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-004-0043-x
Fisher JB, Whittaker RJ, Malhi Y (2011) ET come home: potential evapotranspiration in geographical ecology. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 20(1):1–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00578.x
Flato G, Marotzke J, Abiodun B, et al (2013) Evaluation of climate models. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Fosser G, Khodayar S, Berg P (2015) Benefit of convection permitting climate model simulations in the representation of convective precipitation. Clim Dyn 44:45–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2242-1
Froidevaux P, Schlemmer L, Schmidli J et al (2014) Influence of the background wind on the local soil moisture-precipitation feedback. J Atmos Sci 71:782–799. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-13-0180.1
Fu R, Yin L, Li W et al (2013) Increased dry-season length over southern Amazonia in recent decades and its implication for future climate projection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1302584110
Fu R, Zhu B, Dickinson RE (1999) How do atmosphere and land surface influence seasonal changes of convection in the tropical Amazon? J Clim 12(5):1306–1321. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)0122.0.CO;2
Funatsu BM, Le Roux R, Arvor D et al (2021) Assessing precipitation extremes (1981–2018) and deep convective activity (2002–2018) in the Amazon region with CHIRPS and AMSU data. Clim Dyn 57:827–849. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05742-8
Funk C, Peterson P, Landsfeld M et al (2015) The climate hazards infrared precipitation with stations—a new environmental record for monitoring extremes. Sci Data 2:150066. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2015.66
Gan MA, Kousky VE, Ropelewski CF (2004) The South America monsoon circulation and its relationship to rainfall over west-central Brazil. J Clim 17:47–66. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017%3c0047:TSAMCA%3e2.0.CO;2
Garcia-Carreras L, Parker DJ, Taylor CM et al (2010) Impact of mesoscale vegetation heterogeneities on the dynamical and thermodynamic properties of the planetary boundary layer. J Geophys Res 115:D03102. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012811
Gash JHC, Nobre CA (1997) Climatic effects of amazonian deforestation: some results from ABRACOS. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 78:823–830. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078%3c0823:CEOADS%3e2.0.CO;2
Gash JHC, Nobre CA, Roberts JM, Victoria RL (1996) Amazonian deforestation and climate. John Wiley, Chichester
Gedney N, Valdes PJ (2000) The effect of Amazonian deforestation on the northern hemisphere circulation and climate. Geophys Res Lett. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL011794
Gill AE (1980) Some simple solutions for heat-induced tropical circulation. Q J R Meteorol Soc 106:447–462
Grell GA, Freitas SR (2014) A scale and aerosol aware stochastic convective parameterization for weather and air quality modeling. Atmos Chem Phys 14:5233–5250. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5233-2014
Guan K, Pan M, Li H et al (2015) Photosynthetic seasonality of global tropical forests constrained by hydroclimate. Nat Geosci 8:284–289. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2382
Haghtalab N, Moore N, Heerspink BP, Hyndman DW (2020) Evaluating spatial patterns in precipitation trends across the Amazon basin driven by land cover and global scale forcings. Theor Appl Climatol 140:411–427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-019-03085-3
Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al (2020) The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q J R Meteorol Soc 146:1999–2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803
Hoffmann L, Günther G, Li D et al (2019) From ERA-Interim to ERA5: the considerable impact of ECMWF’s next-generation reanalysis on Lagrangian transport simulations. Atmos Chem Phys 19:3097–3124. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3097-2019
Horel JD, Hahmann AN, Geisler JE (1989) An investigation of the annual cycle of convective activity over the tropical Americas. J Clim 2:1388–1403. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1989)002%3c1388:AIOTAC%3e2.0.CO;2
Hutyra LR, Munger JW, Nobre CA et al (2005) Climatic variability and vegetation vulnerability in Amazônia. Geophys Res Lett 32:L24712. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024981
Iacono MJ, Delamere JS, Mlawer EJ et al (2008) Radiative forcing by long-lived greenhouse gases: Calculations with the AER radiative transfer models. J Geophys Res 113:D13103. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009944
Instituto Nacional De Pesquisas Espaciais (2014) (2014) Monitoramento da Floresta Amazônica Brasileira por Satélite: 2014
Jones DA, Simmonds I (1993) A climatology of Southern Hemisphere extratropical cyclones. Clim Dyn 9:131–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00209750
Juárez RIN, Hodnett MG, Fu R et al (2007) Control of dry season evapotranspiration over the amazonian forest as inferred from observations at a Southern Amazon forest site. J Clim 20:2827–2839. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI4184.1
Junquas C, Heredia MB, Condom T et al (2022) Regional climate modeling of the diurnal cycle of precipitation and associated atmospheric circulation patterns over an Andean glacier region (Antisana, Ecuador). Clim Dyn. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-06079-y
Kendon EJ, Roberts NM, Senior CA, Roberts MJ (2012) Realism of rainfall in a very high-resolution regional climate model. J Clim 25:5791–5806. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00562.1
Khand K, Numata I, Kjaersgaard J, Vourlitis G (2017) Dry season evapotranspiration dynamics over human-impacted landscapes in the southern amazon using the landsat-based METRIC model. Remote Sens 9:706. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9070706
Krinner G, Viovy N, de Noblet-Ducoudré N et al (2005) A dynamic global vegetation model for studies of the coupled atmosphere-biosphere system. Global Biogeochem Cycles. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GB002199
Laipelt L, Ruhoff AL, Fleischmann AS et al (2020) Assessment of an automated calibration of the SEBAL algorithm to estimate dry-season surface-energy partitioning in a forest-savanna transition in Brazil. Remote Sens 12:1108. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12071108
Lamarche C, Santoro M, Bontemps S et al (2017) Compilation and validation of SAR and optical data products for a complete and global map of inland/ocean water tailored to the climate modeling community. Remote Sens 9:36. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9010036
Latrubesse EM, Arima EY, Dunne T et al (2017) Damming the rivers of the Amazon basin. Nature 546:363–369. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22333
Lean J, Rowntree PR (1997) Understanding the sensitivity of a GCM simulation of amazonian deforestation to the specification of vegetation and soil characteristics. J Clim 10:1216–1235. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010%3c1216:UTSOAG%3e2.0.CO;2
Lee J-E, Lintner BR, Boyce CK, Lawrence PJ (2011) Land use change exacerbates tropical South American drought by sea surface temperature variability. Geophys Res Lett. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL049066
Leite CC, Costa MH, de Lima CA et al (2011) Historical reconstruction of land use in the Brazilian Amazon (1940–1995). J Land Use Sci 6:33–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/1747423X.2010.501157
Li W, Fu R, Dickinson RE (2006) Rainfall and its seasonality over the Amazon in the 21st century as assessed by the coupled models for the IPCC AR4. J Geophys Res: Atmos 111(D2). https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006355
Li W, Fu R (2004) Transition of the large-scale atmospheric and land surface conditions from the dry to the wet season over Amazonia as diagnosed by the ECMWF re-analysis. J Clim 17:2637–2651. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017%3c2637:TOTLAA%3e2.0.CO;2
Li W, Fu R (2006) Influence of cold air intrusions on the wet season onset over Amazonia. J Clim 19:257–275. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3614.1
Liebmann B, Marengo J (2001) Interannual variability of the rainy season and rainfall in the Brazilian Amazon basin. J Clim 14:4308–4318. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014%3c4308:IVOTRS%3e2.0.CO;2
Lohou F, Kergoat L, Guichard F et al (2014) Surface response to rain events throughout the West African monsoon. Atmos Chem Phys 14:3883–3898. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3883-2014
Machado LAT, Laurent H, Dessay N, Miranda I (2004) Seasonal and diurnal variability of convection over the Amazonia: a comparison of different vegetation types and large scale forcing. Theor Appl Climatol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-004-0044-9
Maeda EE, Ma X, Wagner FH et al (2017) Evapotranspiration seasonality across the Amazon Basin. Earth Syst Dyn 8:439–454. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-439-2017
Maignan F, Bréon F-M, Chevallier F et al (2011) Evaluation of a global vegetation model using time series of satellite vegetation indices. Geosci Model Dev 4:1103–1114. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-1103-2011
Malhi Y, Wright J (2004) Spatial patterns and recent trends in the climate of tropical rainforest regions. Philos Trans R Soc London Ser B Biol Sci 359:311–329. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1433
Malhi Y, Roberts JT, Betts RA et al (2008) Climate change, deforestation, and the fate of the Amazon. Science (80-) 319:169–172. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1146961
Marengo JA, Espinoza JC (2016) Extreme seasonal droughts and floods in Amazonia: causes, trends and impacts. Int J Climatol 36:1033–1050. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4420
Marengo JA, Liebmann B, Kousky VE et al (2001) Onset and end of the rainy season in the Brazilian Amazon basin. J Clim 14:833–852. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014%3c0833:OAEOTR%3e2.0.CO;2
Marengo JA, Fisch GF, Alves LM et al (2017) Meteorological context of the onset and end of the rainy season in Central Amazonia during the GoAmazon2014/5. Atmos Chem Phys 17:7671–7681. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7671-2017
Melack JM, Basso LS, Fleischmann AS et al (2022) Challenges regionalizing methane emissions using aquatic environments in the Amazon basin as examples. Front Environ Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.866082
Michelangeli P-A, Vautard R, Legras B (1995) Weather regimes: recurrence and quasi stationarity. J Atmos Sci 52:1237–1256. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052%3c1237:WRRAQS%3e2.0.CO;2
Miguez-Macho G, Stenchikov GL, Robock A (2004) Spectral nudging to eliminate the effects of domain position and geometry in regional climate model simulations. J Geophys Res Atmos. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004495
Molina-Carpio J, Espinoza JC, Vauchel P et al (2017) Hydroclimatology of the Upper Madeira River basin: spatio-temporal variability and trends. Hydrol Sci J 62:911–927. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2016.1267861
Moron V, Robertson AW, Ward MN, Ndiaye O (2008) Weather types and rainfall over Senegal. Part I: observational analysis. J Clim 21:266–287. https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI1601.1
Moron V, Robertson AW, Qian J-H, Ghil M (2015) Weather types across the Maritime Continent: from the diurnal cycle to interannual variations. Front Environ Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2014.00065
Morrison H, Thompson G, Tatarskii V (2009) Impact of cloud microphysics on the development of trailing stratiform precipitation in a simulated squall line: comparison of one- and two-moment schemes. Mon Weather Rev 137:991–1007. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2556.1
Muñoz-Sabater J, Dutra E, Agustí-Panareda A et al (2021) ERA5-Land: a state-of-the-art global reanalysis dataset for land applications. Earth Syst Sci Data 13:4349–4383. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4349-2021
Myneni RB, Yang W, Nemani RR et al (2007) Large seasonal swings in leaf area of Amazon rainforests. Proc Natl Acad Sci 104:4820–4823. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0611338104
Nakanishi M, Niino H (2006) An improved mellor-yamada level-3 model: its numerical stability and application to a regional prediction of advection fog. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 119:397–407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-005-9030-8
Negri AJ, Adler RF, Xu L, Surratt J (2004) The impact of Amazonian deforestation on dry season rainfall. J Clim 17:1306–1319. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017%3c1306:TIOADO%3e2.0.CO;2
Neill C, Coe MT, Riskin SH et al (2013) Watershed responses to Amazon soya bean cropland expansion and intensification. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 368:20120425. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0425
Nepstad DC, Stickler CM, Soares-Filho B, Merry F (2008) Interactions among Amazon land use, forests and climate: prospects for a near-term forest tipping point. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 363:1737–1746. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.0036
Nobre CA, Sellers PJ, Shukla J (1991) Amazonian deforestation and regional climate change. J Clim. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1991)004%3c0957:adarcc%3e2.0.co;2
Nobre CA, Sampaio G, Borma LS et al (2016) Land-use and climate change risks in the amazon and the need of a novel sustainable development paradigm. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 113:10759–10768. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1605516113
Oliveira G, Brunsell NA, Moraes EC et al (2019) Effects of land-cover changes on the partitioning of surface energy and water fluxes in Amazonia using high-resolution satellite imagery. Ecohydrology. https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.2126
Olmo ME, Espinoza J-C, Bettolli ML et al (2022) Circulation patterns and associated rainfall over south tropical south America: GCMs evaluation during the dry-to-wet transition season. J Geophys Res Atmos. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD036468
Omrani H, Drobinski P, Dubos T (2015) Using nudging to improve global-regional dynamic consistency in limited-area climate modeling: what should we nudge? Clim Dyn 44:1627–1644. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2453-5
Ortega G, Arias PA, Villegas JC et al (2021) Present-day and future climate over central and South America according to CMIP5/CMIP6 models. Int J Climatol 41:6713–6735. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7221
Paccini L, Espinoza JC, Ronchail J, Segura H (2018) Intra-seasonal rainfall variability in the Amazon basin related to large-scale circulation patterns: a focus on western Amazon-Andes transition region. Int J Climatol 38:2386–2399. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5341
Pedregosa F, Varoquaux G, Gramfort A et al (2011) Scikit-learn: machine learning in python. J Mach Learn Res 12:2825–2830
Perugini L, Caporaso L, Marconi S et al (2017) Biophysical effects on temperature and precipitation due to land cover change. Environ Res Lett. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa6b3f
Phillips OL, Aragão LEOC, Lewis SL et al (2009) Drought sensitivity of the Amazon rainforest. Science (80-) 323:1344–1347. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1164033
Pichelli E, Coppola E, Sobolowski S et al (2021) The first multi-model ensemble of regional climate simulations at kilometer-scale resolution part 2: historical and future simulations of precipitation. Clim Dyn 56:3581–3602. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05657-4
Pires GF, Abrahão GM, Brumatti LM, Oliveira LJ, Costa MH, Liddicoat S et al (2016) Increased climate risk in Brazilian double cropping agriculture systems: implications for land use in Northern Brazil. Agric For Meteorol 228:286–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.07.005
Polcher J (1995) Sensitivity of tropical convection to land surface processes. J Atmos Sci 52:3143–3161. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052%3c3143:SOTCTL%3e2.0.CO;2
Polcher J, Laval K (1994) The impact of African and Amazonian deforestation on tropical climate. J Hydrol 155:389–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)90179-1
Posada-Marín JA, Rendón AM, Salazar JF et al (2019) WRF downscaling improves ERA-Interim representation of precipitation around a tropical Andean valley during El Niño: implications for GCM-scale simulation of precipitation over complex terrain. Clim Dyn 52:3609–3629. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4403-0
Rochedo PR, Soares-Filho B, Schaeffer R, Viola E, Szklo A, Lucena AF et al (2018) The threat of political bargaining to climate mitigation in Brazil. Nat Clim Change 8(8):695–698. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0213-y
Rosales AG, Junquas C, da Rocha RP et al (2022) Valley-mountain circulation associated with the diurnal cycle of precipitation in the tropical Andes (Santa River Basin, Peru). Atmosphere (basel) 13:344. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020344
Ruiz-Vásquez M, Arias PA, Martínez JA, Espinoza JC (2020) Effects of Amazon basin deforestation on regional atmospheric circulation and water vapor transport towards tropical South America. Clim Dyn 54:4169–4189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05223-4
Saavedra M, Junquas C, Espinoza JC, Silva Y (2020) Impacts of topography and land use changes on the air surface temperature and precipitation over the central Peruvian Andes. Atmos Res 234:104711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.104711
Salati E, Dall’Olio A, Matsui E, Gat JR (1979) Recycling of water in the Amazon Basin: an isotopic study. Water Resour Res 15:1250–1258. https://doi.org/10.1029/WR015i005p01250
Salazar LF, Nobre CA, Oyama MD (2007) Climate change consequences on the biome distribution in tropical South America. Geophys Res Lett. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL029695
Saleska SR, da Rocha HR, Huete AR et al (2013) LBA-ECO CD-32 flux tower network data compilation. Brazilian Amazon. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1174
Schrapffer A (2022) High-resolution numerical analysis of land-river-floodplains-atmosphere interaction in La Plata Basin. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Institut Polytechnique de Paris
Shukla J, Nobre C, Sellers P (1990) Amazon deforestation and climate change. Science (80-). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.247.4948.1322
Shukla PR, Skeg J, Buendia EC, et al (2019) Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems.
Sierra JP, Arias PA, Vieira SC (2015) Precipitation over Northern South America and its seasonal variability as simulated by the CMIP5 models. Adv Meteorol 2015:1–22. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/634720
Sierra JP, Junquas C, Espinoza JC et al (2021) Deforestation impacts on Amazon-Andes hydroclimatic connectivity. Clim Dyn. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-06025-y
Silva Dias MAF, Regnie P (1996) Simulation of mesoscale circulations in a deforested area of Rondonia in the dry season. In: Gash JHC (ed) Amazonian Deforestation and Climate. Oxford University Press, pp 531–547
Sinclair MR (1995) A climatology of cyclogenesis for the southern hemisphere. Mon Weather Rev 123:1601–1619. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1995)123%3c1601:ACOCFT%3e2.0.CO;2
Siqueira JR, Toledo Machado LA (2004) Influence of the frontal systems on the day-to-day convection variability over South America. J Clim 17:1754–1766. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017%3c1754:IOTFSO%3e2.0.CO;2
Skamarock WC, Klemp JB, Dudhia J, Gill DO, Barker DM, Duda MG, Huang XY, Wang W, Powers JG (2008) A description of the advanced research WRF Version 3. Note NCAR/TN-475+ STR, NCAR Tech, Colorado. https://doi.org/10.5065/D68S4MVH
Smith CB, Lakhtakia MN, Capehart WJ, Carlson TN (1994) Initialization of soil-water content in regional-scale atmospheric prediction models. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 75:585–593. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1994)075%3c0585:IOSWCI%3e2.0.CO;2
Soares-Filho BS, Nepstad DC, Curran LM et al (2006) Modelling conservation in the Amazon basin. Nature 440:520–523. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04389
Sombroek W (2001) Spatial and temporal patterns of Amazon rainfall. AMBIO A J Hum Environ 30:388–396. https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-30.7.388
Sommer R, Sá, Vielhauer K TD et al (2002) Transpiration and canopy conductance of secondary vegetation in the eastern Amazon. Agric for Meteorol 112:103–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00044-8
Sörensson AA, Ruscica RC (2018) Intercomparison and uncertainty assessment of nine evapotranspiration estimates over South America. Water Resour Res 54:2891–2908. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR021682
Souza EP, Renno NO, Dias MAFS (2000) Convective circulations induced by surface heterogeneities. J Atmos Sci 57:2915–2922. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057%3c2915:CCIBSH%3e2.0.CO;2
Souza CM, Shimbo JZ, Rosa MR, Parente LL, Alencar AA, Rudorff BFT et al (2020) Reconstructing three decades of land use and land cover changes in brazilian biomes with landsat archive and earth engine. Remote Sens 12(17):2735. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12172735
Spera SA, Winter JM, Chipman JW (2018) Evaluation of agricultural land cover representations on regional climate model simulations in the Brazilian Cerrado. J Geophys Res Atmos 123:5163–5176. https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD027989
Staal A, Tuinenburg OA, Bosmans JHC et al (2018) Forest-rainfall cascades buffer against drought across the Amazon. Nat Clim Chang 8:539–543. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0177-y
Staver AC, Archibald S, Levin SA (2011) The global extent and determinants of savanna and forest as alternative biome states. Science (80-) 334:230–232. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1210465
Sud YC, Lau WK-M, Walker GK et al (1996) Biogeophysical consequences of a tropical deforestation scenario: a GCM simulation study. J Clim 9:3225–3247. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009%3c3225:BCOATD%3e2.0.CO;2
Sutton C, Hamill TM, Warner TT (2006) Will perturbing soil moisture improve warm-season ensemble forecasts? A proof of concept. Mon Weather Rev 134:3174–3189. https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR3248.1
Swann ALS, Longo M, Knox RG et al (2015) Future deforestation in the Amazon and consequences for South American climate. Agric for Meteorol 214–215:12–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2015.07.006
Taylor KE (2001) Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single diagram. J Geophys Res Atmos 106:7183–7192. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900719
Taylor CM, Ellis RJ (2006) Satellite detection of soil moisture impacts on convection at the mesoscale. Geophys Res Lett 33:L03404. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL025252
Trachte K (2018) Atmospheric moisture pathways to the highlands of the tropical andes: analyzing the effects of spectral nudging on different driving fields for regional climate modeling. Atmosphere (Basel) 9:456. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9110456
Van Der Ent RJ, Savenije HHG, Schaefli B, Steele-Dunne SC (2010) Origin and fate of atmospheric moisture over continents. Water Resour Res. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR009127
Voldoire A, Sanchez-Gomez E, Salas y Mélia D, et al (2013) The CNRM-CM5.1 global climate model: description and basic evaluation. Clim Dyn 40:2091–2121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1259-y
von Randow C, Manzi AO, Kruijt B et al (2004) Comparative measurements and seasonal variations in energy and carbon exchange over forest and pasture in South West Amazonia. Theor Appl Climatol 78:5–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-004-0041-z
von Randow RCS, Tomasella J, von Randow C et al (2020) Evapotranspiration and gross primary productivity of secondary vegetation in Amazonia inferred by eddy covariance. Agric For Meteorol 294:108141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.108141
von Storch H, Langenberg H, Feser F (2000) A spectral nudging technique for dynamical downscaling purposes. Mon Weather Rev 128:3664–3673. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128%3c3664:ASNTFD%3e2.0.CO;2
Wang H, Fu R (2002) Cross-equatorial flow and seasonal cycle of precipitation over South America. J Clim 15:1591–1608. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015%3c1591:CEFASC%3e2.0.CO;2
Wang J, Chagnon FJF, Williams ER et al (2009) Impact of deforestation in the Amazon basin on cloud climatology. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:3670–3674. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0810156106
Wang C, Qian Y, Duan Q et al (2021) Quantifying physical parameterization uncertainties associated with land-atmosphere interactions in the WRF model over Amazon. Atmos Res 262:105761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105761
Wongchuig Correa S, de Paiva RCD, Espinoza JC, Collischonn W (2017) Multi-decadal hydrological retrospective: case study of amazon floods and droughts. J Hydrol 549:667–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.04.019
Wright IR, Gash JHC, Da Rocha HR et al (1992) Dry season micrometeorology of central Amazonian Ranchland. Q J R Meteorol Soc 118:1083–1099. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711850804
Wright JS, Fu R, Worden JR et al (2017) Rainforest-initiated wet season onset over the southern Amazon. Proc Natl Acad Sci 114:8481–8486. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1621516114
Yin L, Fu R, Zhang Y-F et al (2014) What controls the interannual variation of the wet season onsets over the Amazon? J Geophys Res Atmos 119:2314–2328. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021349
Yoon JH, Zeng N (2010) An Atlantic influence on Amazon rainfall. Clim Dyn. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-009-0551-6
Zemp DC, Schleussner CF, Barbosa HMJ et al (2014) On the importance of cascading moisture recycling in South America. Atmos Chem Phys. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-13337-2014
Zeng N, Neelin JD (1999) A land-atmosphere interaction theory for the tropical deforestation problem. J Clim 12:857–872. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012%3c0857:ALAITF%3e2.0.CO;2
Zhang S, Zhang K, Wan H, Sun J (2022) Further improvement and evaluation of nudging in the E3SM Atmosphere Model version 1 (EAMv1). Geosci Model Dev Discuss. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2022-10
Zhang H, McGuffie K, Henderson-Sellers A (1996) Impacts of tropical deforestation. Part II: the role of large-scale dynamics. J Clim. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<2498:IOTDPI>2.0.CO;2
Acknowledgements
This research has been supported by the French AMANECER-MOPGA project funded by ANR and IRD (ANR-18-MPGA-0008), and by the ACE-Amazon project funded by the regional program CLIMAT-AmSud (21-CLIMAT-01). MINCyT-ECOS Sud ref. A18D04 (Argentina-France) and INSU LEFE ref. 12962 are also acknowledged. At the same time, this work was granted access to the HPC resources of IDRIS under the allocation 2021-101054 made by GENCI. Simulations were run on the Jean Zay HPC at the French computing center IDRIS. The authors would also like to thank the following agencies/organizations for providing access to data: The Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation for providing CHIRPS, Paca, V. H. d. M. (2019) for providing ET-Amazon and the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) for providing horizontal wind fields and surface fluxes from ERA5 and ERA5-Land. Anthony Schrapffer was funded by PICT 2014-0887, PICT-2015-3097, PICT-2017-1406 (ANPCyT, Argentina). Paola A. Arias was funded by MINCIENCIAS through the grant No. 80740-490-2020.
Funding
This research has been supported by the French AMANECER-MOPGA project funded by ANR and IRD (ANR-18-MPGA-0008), and by the ACE-Amazon project funded by the regional program CLIMAT-AmSud (21-CLIMAT-01). At the same time, this work was granted access to the HPC resources of IDRIS under the allocation 2021-101054 made by GENCI. Anthony Schrapffer was funded by PICT 2014-0887, PICT-2015-3097, PICT-2017-1406 (ANPCyT, Argentina). Paola A. Arias was funded by MINCIENCIAS through the grant No. 80740-490-2020.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by JPS. The first draft of the manuscript was written by JPS and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
382_2023_6835_MOESM1_ESM.eps
Fig. S1 Mean annual cycle in LBA stations Fazenda Nossa Senhora de Aparecida (FNS, deforested area) and Rondonia Jaru Biological Reserve Aparecida (RJA, forested area) in black lines, and RegIPSL-Control in cyan lines, for: rainfall over a cropland/grassland and b forest in mm day-1; evapotranspiration over c cropland/grassland and d forest in mm day-1; incoming shortwave radiation over e cropland/grassland and f forest in W m-2; outgoing shortwave radiation over g cropland/grassland and h forest in W m-2; incoming longwave radiation over i cropland/grassland and j forest in W m-2; outgoing longwave radiation over k cropland/grassland and l forest in W m-2; net surface radiation over m cropland/grassland and n forest in W m-2. The period 2001-2002 is used for both model and observations. RegIPSL-Control values are computed as the spatial mean of surface variables over an area of 100 km x 100 km surrounding the two stations but masking over forest and non-forest. (EPS 398 KB)
382_2023_6835_MOESM2_ESM.eps
Fig. S2 Rainfall and 850 hPa horizontal wind anomalies composites (vs the annual mean) for the 9 circulation patterns (CPs) defined from the k-means clustering analysis using ERA5 for winds and CHIRPS for rainfall. Rainfall (shaded) is in percentage respect to the inter-annual mean and horizontal winds at 850 hPa (vectors) are adimensional. (EPS 10840 KB)
382_2023_6835_MOESM3_ESM.eps
Fig. S3 Taylor diagrams of the spatial patterns of: a rainfall anomalies b zonal component anomalies at 850 hPa (denoted as ‘Uwind’), and c meridional component anomalies at 850 hPa (denoted as ‘Vwind’) for the nine circulation patterns (CPs) as represented by RegIPSL-Control. The reference datasets are ERA5 for horizontal low-level winds at 850 hPa and CHIRPS for rainfall anomalies. (EPS 216 KB)
382_2023_6835_MOESM4_ESM.eps
Fig. S4 Composite time series of: a incoming shortwave radiation, b outgoing shortwave radiation, c incoming longwave radiation, d outgoing longwave radiation, over the total southern Amazon, forest and cropland areas (cyan, green and yellow lines, respectively) from RegIPSL-Control. Green and yellow envelopes represent the standard deviation for each land cover. All time series are in W m-2. Vertical cross-sections of: e potential temperature over forest areas and f forest minus crop/grass potential temperature (K), i equivalent potential temperature over forest areas (K) and j forest minus crop/grass equivalent potential temperature difference (K). The x-axis represents the time, with negative (positive) values for days before (after) the onset. (EPS 455 KB)
382_2023_6835_MOESM5_ESM.eps
Fig. S5 Taylor diagrams of the spatial patterns of: a rainfall anomalies b zonal component anomalies at 850 hPa (denoted as ‘Uwind’), and c meridional component anomalies at 850 hPa (denoted as ‘Vwind’) for the nine circulation patterns (CPs) as represented by RegIPSL-Deforested, taking as a reference dataset RegIPSL-Control. (EPS 219 KB)
382_2023_6835_MOESM6_ESM.eps
Fig. S6 Differences RegIPSL-Deforested minus RegIPSL-Control in vertically integrated moisture convergence composites for the 9 circulation patterns (CPs) defined from the k-means clustering analysis. Differences are in mm day-1. Only significant vertically integrated moisture convergence differences are shown (t-test, p<0.05). Magenta box shows the southern Amazon region (5°S-15°S, 70°W-50°W). The magenta line highlights the deforested area. (EPS 7038 KB)
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Sierra, J.P., Espinoza, JC., Junquas, C. et al. Impacts of land-surface heterogeneities and Amazonian deforestation on the wet season onset in southern Amazon. Clim Dyn 61, 4867–4898 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-023-06835-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-023-06835-2