Impact of rainfall to the effectiveness of pig slurry shallow injection method for NH3 mitigation in a Mediterranean soil

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.116913

Atmospheric Environment

Volume 216, 1 November 2019, 116913

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.116913 Get rights and content

Highlights

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Field measurement of NH₃ fluxes was performed with a micrometeorological technique.
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Shallow injection of slurry effectively abated NH₃ comparing to surface application.
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There was a strong impact of rainfall on the NH₃ abating effectiveness of injection.
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Trade-offs (i.e. GHG emissions) were enhanced by shallow injection of pig slurry.

Abstract

Ammonia emission from fertilized cropping systems is an important concern for stakeholders, particularly in regions with high livestock densities producing large amounts of manure. Application of pig slurries can result in very large losses of N through NH₃ volatilization, thus decreasing the N use efficiency (NUE) of the applied manure. Shallow incorporation has been shown to significantly abate these losses. In this field study, we assessed the impact of contrasting weather conditions on the effectiveness of shallow injection to abate NH₃ emissions from pig slurry application to a Mediterranean soil. As potential trade-offs of NH₃ abatement, greenhouse gas emissions were also measured under conditions of high soil moisture. Compared with surface application of slurry, shallow injection effectively and significantly decreased NH₃ losses independently of weather conditions, but reductions of NH₃ emission were greater after heavy rainfall. In contrast, under these conditions, shallow injection triggered higher emissions of N₂O and CH₄. Our findings reinforce the idea that any single-pollutant abatement strategy needs to be designed and assessed in a regional context and considering potential trade-offs in the form of other pollutants.

Introduction

The need to increase food production in response to population growth and changes in diet has led to an important growth in livestock production systems (Springmann et al., 2018). Large amounts of animal manure are being produced as a result of this (Oenema et al., 2005; Steinfeld et al., 2006; Recio et al., 2018). In Europe, more than half of the total nitrogen (N) excreted is applied to croplands (Oenema et al., 2007). If properly done (i.e. considering N crop needs), partial substitution of synthetic fertilizers by organic ones can give satisfactory crop yields while closing loops within the croplands-livestock systems continuum (e.g. Guardia et al., 2017; Sánchez-Martín et al., 2017). Additionally, the application of manures to agricultural soils may enhance soil organic matter, generally low in semiarid regions under (e.g.) Mediterranean conditions (Aguilera et al., 2013; Sanz-Cobena et al., 2017a). However, these potential benefits of recycling and reusing animal wastes as fertilizers could be negated by poor manure management (e.g. broadcast application). The N use efficiency (NUE) of manures is generally low, i.e. only 20–52% of the excreted N is recovered by crops (Oenema et al., 2007; Ma et al., 2010), with most of the N being lost to the atmosphere mainly as ammonia gas (NH₃). Globally, about 90% of NH₃ emissions are from the agricultural sector (Bittman et al., 2014), with 64–75% arising from livestock production, including manure management and application to farmlands (Steinfeld et al., 2006; Webb et al., 2005). Adverse environmental, economic and public-health impacts associated with NH₃ emissions (and deposition) have led to the development of legislative and technical initiatives to face such socio-environmental issues (Van Grinsven et al., 2013; Sutton et al., 2011; Bittman et al., 2014). Emission reduction targets for 2030 have been established through the UNECE Gothenburg Protocol (UNECE, 1999) and the recently revised EU National Emissions Ceilings Directive (EEA, 1999). In Spain, increasing use of synthetic fertilizers and, mostly, a national growing pig industry (3rd major exporter of pig products worldwide; MAPA, 2018) have led to an increasing trend in NH₃ emissions over recent decades. Emissions in 2015 (most recent published data) were 476.2 kt, 5% higher than for 2014 (MAPAMA, 2017). Under international commitments, Spain has a national emission ceiling of 353 kt for the year 2030, requiring a 26% reduction in emissions compared with current levels. Therefore, abatement measures need to be urgently implemented (MAPAMA, 2018).

Low emission slurry application techniques represent one of the key technical strategies that have been included in national and regional programmes for NH₃ pollution abatement (Sommer et al., 2001; Huijsmans et al., 2003; Sanz-Cobena et al., 2014a,b). Research in several countries has demonstrated that the injection and incorporation of slurry, compared with surface broadcast application, can reduce NH₃ volatilization by up to 90% due to the reduction in the contact surface between the atmosphere and the ammonium N applied with the manure (e.g. Huijsmans et al., 2003; Recio et al., 2018). Nevertheless, although effective in abating volatilized NH₃, the injection of slurries may have associated side-effects through the release of other N compounds to the environment (e.g. N₂O, NO_x, NO₃⁻) (Sanz-Cobena et al., 2017b). Added to the enhanced availability of NH₄⁺ at the soil surface, the use of slurries as organic amendments increases both soil moisture and easily degradable C forms, thus potentially leading to an increase in heterotrophic activity. Additionally, aeration and gas diffusivity in the soil can be temporarily reduced due to changes in soil porosity and an enhancement of soil respiration, thus promoting anaerobic microsites where stimulation of N₂O emissions via denitrification as well as a decrease in CH₄ oxidation may occur (Chadwick et al., 2000; Akiyama et al., 2004; Meijide et al., 2009; Webb et al., 2014). Apart from manure characteristics, the magnitude of both NH₃ emissions and the associated environmental trade-offs following application to farmlands (e.g. GHG emissions) are highly dependent on local soil and weather conditions (e.g. wind speed and temperature) (Huijsmans et al., 2003). Therefore, the assessment of any abatement strategy needs to be carried out in a regional context (Sanz-Cobena et al., 2014a,b; 2017b).

A field experiment was carried out aiming to evaluate the effect of two contrasting pig manure application techniques (i.e. surface broadcast and shallow injection) on NH₃ volatilization from a fertilized soil in Central Spain. The soil had not received any N application within the 10 years preceding period. Ammonia volatilization was quantified by the micrometeorological Integrated Horizontal Flux (IHF) technique across two contrasting campaigns in terms of soil moisture (i.e. saturated and non-saturated soil, WFPS≥60% for saturated soils). This enabled us to assess the impact of site-specific environmental conditions on the NH₃ abatement potential of shallow injection. Additionally, the side effects of this management practice in the form of GHG fluxes (N₂O, CH₄ and soil respiration) were assessed under highly denitrifying conditions triggered by the increased soil moisture.

Section snippets

Experimental location and slurry application

The study was conducted in a Typic Xerofluvent soil at “La Poveda” field station in Madrid (40° 18′ 14'' N; 3° 25′ 57'' W) within a fallow period between two consecutive barley (Hordeum vulgare) crops. Some relevant characteristics of the top soil layer (0–20 cm), measured by standard methods of soil analysis (Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual, 2004) were: total organic matter, 1.4%; pH_H2O, 8.1; bulk density, 1.47 Mg m⁻³; CaCO₃, 3.4%; field capacity, 20.2% (w/w); porosity, 46%; sand, 37%;

Weather conditions and soil moisture

Average soil temperature was similar for the two campaigns (13.9 and 15.1 °C, respectively) but there were large differences in rainfall and consequently soil moisture. Average wind speed was 1.3 and 4.1 m s⁻¹ in Campaign I and II, respectively. Cumulative rainfall over the 12 days following slurry application in Campaign I was 48.2 mm, with 25.4 mm within the first 48 h. In contrast, total rainfall over the 12 days in Campaign II was 0.6 mm. Average WFPS in Campaign I was 70%, ranging from 54

Influence of soil moisture on the efficacy of slurry injection as an NH₃ abatement technique

Volatilized NH₃ was highly affected by local edafo-climatic conditions, particularly intense rainfall monitored in campaign I at the application time (Fig. 2). Rainfall would have had a washing effect on SPS increasing transfer into the soil. The effect of rainfall on reducing emissions was greater for surface application than for injection – therefore the reduction potential of injection was less under rainy conditions. Contrasting effects of simulated rainfall on the effectiveness of manure

Conclusion

This field study is among the first to asses, under real conditions and using the micrometeorological IHF measurement technique, the NH₃ abating effect of shallow injection of PS in a Mediterranean cropping system. The novelty and utility of the generated data is highly valuable, especially for national NH₃ emission inventory development in a country with mandatory commitments to decrease these emissions. Nevertheless, due to the very limited extent of data generated here, we argue that more

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

Authors of this research are grateful to the personnel at la Poveda field station (CSIC), as well as to Ana Ros, Paloma Martín and Pilar Ortiz because their technical assistance at the laboratory. We would like to recognize also the work of Rosa Loma, M^a Carmen Blanco, María Arróniz, Esperanza Luque and Katerina Kucerova due to their invaluable skills in the management of research projects at ETSIAAB and CEIGRAM (UPM). This research has been possible thanks to the economic support of regional

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Besides, larger distances between plots would have ensured the absence of any cross contamination. However, according to previous studies, 50 m is sufficient, (e.g. Abalos et al., 2012; Recio et al., 2020; Sanz-Cobena et al., 2019, 2008) and the focus of this study was on method comparison, not on the accurate ammonia emission rate determination. In addition, the results belong to a single experimental campaign.
Ammonia is recognized as one of the major atmospheric pollutants affecting air and ecosystem quality. The application of N fertilizers is a major source of NH₃ emissions. It is necessary to develop simple, accurate and low cost measurement techniques to obtain representative data for a wide range of regions and agricultural practices. This information would improve national inventories and support decision-making processes regarding strategies for NH₃ emission abatement. Measurement techniques can be complex, adjusted to specific conditions, labor-intensive and costly. This work analyses different methods aimed at reaching a balance between the accuracy and precision required for measurements and their complexity. Three techniques were tested under: semiopen passive chambers (SOCs) and an inverse dispersion model (IDM) combined with two different NH₃ air concentration measuring techniques: ALPHA® passive samplers and acid bubblers. Different setups were evaluated testing different heights over the emitting surface. These techniques were assessed using micrometeorological mass balance integrated horizontal flux (IHF) with passive flux samplers as a reference method. The SOC results showed a close linear relationship with the IHF results (R²=0.784, p<0.01), although emissions after 16 days were 10.6% higher. The bLS IDM with acid bubblers showed promising results, although they were labor-demanding and required a power supply. The IDM with ALPHA® samplers placed at a 1.25-m height was demonstrated to embrace precision and close agreement with the IHF observations in our experimental conditions (R²=0.768, p<0.01; no difference from line 1:1; mean bias: 0.041 kg N ha⁻¹h⁻¹ and rRMSE: 46.1%). However, these data require special attention for periods of drastically changing weather, when the NH₃ fluxes determined with air concentration samplers moved away from the overall emission pattern. Longer sampling intervals and the assumption of neutral atmospheric conditions in IDM may decrease costs, simplify the procedure and provide a cost-efficient alternative to the IHF method.
Effects of different types of humic acid isolated from coal on soil NH<inf>3</inf> volatilization and CO<inf>2</inf> emissions
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Agricultural lands, because of their large area and exhaustive management practices, have a substantial impact on the earth’s carbon and nitrogen cycles, and agricultural activities consequence in discharges of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Globally, greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions especially carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) from the agricultural sector are increasing due to anthropogenic activities. Although, the application of animal manure to the agricultural soil as an organic fertilizer not only improves soil health and agricultural production but also has a significant impact on GHGs emissions. But the extent of GHGs emissions in response to manure application under diverse environmental conditions is still uncertain. Here, a meta-analysis study was conducted using field data (48 peer-reviewed publications) published from 1989 to 2019. Meta-analysis results showed that poultry manure considerably increased CO₂, CH_4, and N₂O emissions than pig and cattle manure. Furthermore, application of poultry manure also increased ( $\bar{l n R R^{}}$ = 0.141, 95% CI = 0.526–0.356) GWP (global warming potential) of total soil GHGs emissions. While, the significant effects on CO₂, CH_4, and N₂O emissions also occurred at manure rate >320 kg N ha⁻¹ and >60% water filled pore space. The maximum concentrations of CO₂, CH_4, and N₂O emissions were observed in neutral soils ( $\bar{l n R R^{}}$ = 3.375, 95% CI = 3.323–3.428), alkaline soils ( $\bar{l n R R^{}}$ = 1.468, 95% CI = 1.403–1.532), and acidic soils ( $\bar{l n R R^{}}$ = 2.355, 95% CI = 2.390–2.400), respectively. Soil texture, climate zone and crop type were also found significant factors to increase GHGs emissions. Thus, this meta-analysis revealed a knowledge gap concerning the consequences of animal manure application and rate, climate zone, and physicochemical properties of soil on GHGs emissions from agricultural soils.
Joint mitigation of NH<inf>3</inf> and N<inf>2</inf>O emissions by using two synthetic inhibitors in an irrigated cropping soil
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Citation Excerpt :
The latter are usually preferred in terms of accuracy and sensitivity to real conditions (Sanz-Cobena et al., 2008; Scotto di Perta et al., 2016). Among them, the integrated horizontal flux method (IHF, Denmead et al., 1977; Leuning et al., 1985) is considered a highly robust and reliable method for the on-site quantification of NH3 volatilization from medium size emitting sources (ca. 1 ha) (Scotto di Perta et al., 2019; Sanz-Cobena et al., 2019; Pedersen et al., 2018; Viguria et al., 2015). Most of the available information on NH3 volatilization from agricultural soils refers to a short emitting period after fertilization (frequently less than a month).
Ammonia (NH₃) emissions from cropping systems are a major pathway of nitrogen (N) loss thus strongly affecting nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). The agriculture sector is responsible for ca. 94% of global NH₃ emissions, mostly associated with manure management (56%), animal manure applied to soil (18%) and inorganic N fertilization (21%). Furthermore, N fertilization enhances N₂O emissions from cropping systems. The assessment of NH_3, and also N₂O, abatement strategies on a regional basis has, therefore, become a strategic priority for sustainable food production worldwide.
A field experiment, under Mediterranean conditions, was carried out to assess the N₂O and NH₃ mitigation efficiency of different synthetic inhibitors in an irrigated maize crop fertilized with urea (U). The nitrification inhibitor (NI) 3,4 dimethylpyrazole succinic acid (DMPSA), and the combination of the DMPSA and the urease inhibitor (UI), N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT), were used in the experiment. Our findings indicate that, following top-dressing N fertilization, the highest NH₃ emissions were observed after U + NI and U applications (12.2 and 11.1 kg N ha⁻¹, respectively), with no significant differences between them. The application of urea with both inhibitors (U + 2I) significantly reduced these emissions down to 3.3 kg N ha⁻¹. During canopy senescence, NH₃ emissions were not negligible and were statistically similar between treatments, with an average value of 2.3 kg N ha⁻¹. In addition, the treatments with NI were effective in reducing cumulative N₂O losses (ca. 79%).

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Impact of rainfall to the effectiveness of pig slurry shallow injection method for NH3 mitigation in a Mediterranean soil

Highlights

Abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Experimental location and slurry application

Weather conditions and soil moisture

Influence of soil moisture on the efficacy of slurry injection as an NH3 abatement technique

Conclusion

Declaration of competing interest

Acknowledgements

Chemosphere

Rev. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ.

Environ. Pollut.

Atmos. Environ.

Agric. Ecosyst. Environ.

Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.

Agric. Ecosyst. Environ.

Agric. Ecosyst. Environ.

Agric. For. Meteorol.

Atmos. Environ.

Atmos. Environ.

Atmosph. Environ.

Eur. J. Soil Biol.

Agric. Ecosyst. Environ.

Biosyst. Eng.

Bioresour. Technol.

Livest. Sci.

Sci. Total Environ.

Soil Biol. Biochem.

Agric. Ecosyst. Environ.

Agric. Ecosyst. Environ.

Agric. Ecosyst. Environ.

Sci. Total Environ.

Agric. Ecosyst. Environ.

Agric. Ecosyst. Environ.

Soil Biol. Biochem.

Eur. J. Agron.

Sci. Total Environ.

Soil Biol. Biochem.

Impact of rainfall to the effectiveness of pig slurry shallow injection method for NH₃ mitigation in a Mediterranean soil

Influence of soil moisture on the efficacy of slurry injection as an NH₃ abatement technique