Abstract
The honey bee Apis mellifera, the test species used in the current environmental risk assessment procedure, is generally considered as extremely sensitive to pesticides when compared to other bee species, although a quantitative approach for comparing the difference in sensitivity among bees has not yet been reported. A systematic review of the relevant literature on the topic followed by a meta-analysis has been performed. Both the contact and oral acute LD50 and the chronic LC50 reported in laboratory studies for as many substances as possible have been extracted from the papers in order to compare the sensitivity to pesticides of honey bees and other bee species (Apiformes). The sensitivity ratio R between the endpoint for the species a (A. mellifera) and the species s (bees other than A. mellifera) was calculated for a total of 150 case studies including 19 bee species. A ratio higher than 1 indicated that the species s was more sensitive to pesticides than honey bees. The meta-analysis showed a high variability of sensitivity among bee species (R from 0.001 to 2085.7), however, in approximately 95 % of the cases the sensitivity ratio was below 10. The effect of pesticides in domestic and wild bees is dependent on the intrinsic sensitivity of single bee species as well as their specific life cycle, nesting activity and foraging behaviour. Current data indicates a need for more comparative information between honey bees and non-Apis bees as well as separate pesticide risk assessment procedures for non-Apis bees.
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Notes
In 2011, EFSA received a mandate by the EU Commission to develop a Guidance Document on the risk assessment of plant protection products on bees, including honey bees, bumblebees and solitary bees. The EFSA proposal was published in July 2013 (http://www.efsa.europa.eu/it/efsajournal/pub/3295.htm) but to be adopted and implemented, the new Guidance Document have to be approved by the EU Member States and the EU Commission. At the time of the publication of this paper the process was on going.
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Acknowledgments
We are very grateful to the EFSA Bee Working group (Robert Luttik, Franz Streissl, Csaba Szentes, Agnes Rortais, Gèrard Arnold, Jos Boesten, Mark Clook, Jacoba Wassenberg) for their comments and suggestions and to Stephanie Bopp and Sotirios Vasileiadis for reviewing part of the manuscript. We very much appreciate the constructive and helpful comments of Rachel Sharp (EFSA) and the three anonymous reviewers.
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The publication was drafted under the sole responsibility of the authors and is not considered as an EFSA output. The positions and opinions presented are those of the authors alone and are not intended to represent the views of EFSA.
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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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The author Maria Arena is a Seconded National Expert in EFSA from the Institute of agricultural and environmental chemistry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza Italy.
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Arena, M., Sgolastra, F. A meta-analysis comparing the sensitivity of bees to pesticides. Ecotoxicology 23, 324–334 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-014-1190-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-014-1190-1