Abstract
In the coastal region of Bangladesh, groundwater is mainly used for domestic and agricultural purposes, but salinization of many groundwater resources limits its suitability for human consumption and practical application. This paper reports the results of a study that has mapped the salinity distribution in different aquifer layers up to a depth of 300 m in a region bordering the Bay of Bengal based on the main hydrochemistry and has investigated the origin of the salinity using Cl/Br ratios of the samples. The subsurface consists of a sequence of deltaic sediments with an alternation of more sandy and clayey sections in which several aquifer layers can be recognized. The main hydrochemistry shows different main water types in the different aquifers, indicating varying stages of freshening or salinization processes. The most freshwater, soft NaHCO3-type water with Cl concentrations mostly below 100 mg/l, is found in the deepest aquifer at 200–300 m below ground level (b.g.l.), in which the fresh/saltwater interface is pushed far to the south. Salinity is a main problem in the shallow aquifer systems, where Cl concentrations rise to nearly 8000 mg/l and the groundwater is mostly brackish NaCl water. Investigation of the Cl/Br ratios has shown that the source of the salinity in the deep aquifer is mixing with old connate seawater and that the saline waters in the more shallow aquifers do not originate from old connate water or direct seawater intrusion, but are derived from the dissolution of evaporite salts. These must have been formed in a tidal flat under influence of a strong seasonal precipitation pattern. Long dry seasons with high evaporation rates have evaporated seawater from inundated gullies and depressions, leading to salt precipitation, while subsequent heavy monsoon rains have dissolved the formed salts, and the solution has infiltrated in the subsoil, recharging groundwater.
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Acknowledgements
The first author is indebted to Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria, for providing necessary data for this research. Special thanks to Ms. Jill Van Reybrouck for analyzing the water samples in the Laboratory for Applied Geology and Hydrogeology, Department of Geology, Ghent University. The authors also thank Mr. Md. Masud Karim, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission for his help during water sampling campaign.
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Appendices
Appendix 1: List of water samples collected from the study area
Well Id | Depth (m) | pH | Eh (mV) | EC (µS/cm) | TDS (mg/l) | Na+ (mg/l) | K+ (mg/l) | Mg2+ (mg/l) | Ca2+ (mg/l) | Cl− (mg/l) | SO42−(mg/l) | NO3−(mg/l) | HCO3−(mg/l) | Fe2+ (mg/l) | Br− (mg/l) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Secondary data (wet season) | LW1 | 119 | 7.58 | − 29.3 | 1773 | 1189 | 364.9 | 8.23 | 10.00 | 10.0 | 322.5 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 457.0 | 1.55 | 0.15 |
LW2 | 101 | 7.35 | − 21.6 | 2970 | 1593 | 532.0 | 28.55 | 90.00 | 20.0 | 712.5 | 0.0 | 6.6 | 189.1 | 6.61 | 0.13 | |
LW3 | 113 | 7.22 | − 12.1 | 4190 | 2942 | 600.7 | 10.90 | 130.00 | 110.0 | 1860.0 | 0.0 | 2.9 | 213.5 | 6.19 | 0.20 | |
LW4 | 101 | 7.17 | − 11.5 | 6670 | 4244 | 1256.0 | 15.44 | 90.00 | 50.0 | 2620.0 | 1.0 | 4.2 | 195.2 | 3.30 | 0.09 | |
LW5 | 136 | 7.37 | − 25.2 | 1270 | 889 | 231.4 | 8.28 | 25.00 | 20.0 | 275.0 | 5.0 | 30.0 | 280.6 | 0.86 | 0.01 | |
LW6 | 136 | 7.39 | − 20.3 | 1136 | 787 | 115.2 | 7.76 | 45.00 | 70.0 | 226.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 274.5 | 1.28 | 0.15 | |
LW7 | 136 | 7.49 | − 24.6 | 1875 | 1166 | 234.7 | 11.95 | 70.00 | 70.0 | 547.5 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 219.6 | 2.20 | 0.19 | |
LW8 | 98 | 7.26 | − 13.8 | 12,901 | 10,227 | 2926.0 | 30.77 | 320.00 | 150.0 | 6625.0 | 0.0 | 8.7 | 146.4 | 17.26 | 0.14 | |
LW9 | 102 | 7.57 | − 35.6 | 5540 | 3501 | 1023.0 | 10.20 | 85.00 | − | 2210.0 | 0.0 | 4.3 | 152.5 | 3.00 | 0.04 | |
LW10 | 122 | 7.55 | − 35.3 | 1668 | 1056 | 279.7 | 6.55 | 45.00 | 10.0 | 375.0 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 323.3 | 2.07 | 0.13 | |
LW11 | 122 | 7.67 | − 33.9 | 2270 | 1160 | 341.6 | 10.21 | 60.00 | 20.0 | 475.0 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 244.0 | 0.47 | 0.06 | |
LW12 | 116 | 7.38 | − 25 | 5120 | 3320 | 829.7 | 11.72 | 130.00 | 110.0 | 1980.0 | 0.0 | 3.6 | 244.0 | 2.87 | 0.17 | |
LW13 | 122 | 7.41 | − 25 | 15,960 | 10,209 | 2910.0 | 114.26 | 180.00 | 40.0 | 6850.0 | 0.0 | 7.6 | 103.7 | 0.65 | 0.17 | |
LW14 | 92 | 7.13 | − 4.7 | 13,170 | 8209 | 2231.0 | 11.11 | 273.45 | 219.2 | 5325.0 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 134.2 | 9.50 | 0.44 | |
LW15 | 110 | 7.28 | − 12.2 | 3800 | 2622 | 391.5 | 15.75 | 154.80 | 110.4 | 1770.0 | 0.0 | 3.6 | 164.7 | 7.80 | 0.59 | |
LW16 | 86 | 7.21 | − 14.1 | 15,240 | 9852 | 2871.5 | 1.95 | 277.75 | 91.8 | 6525.0 | 0.0 | 11.1 | 54.9 | 13.70 | 0.68 | |
LW17 | 86 | 6.93 | − 1.1 | 16,820 | 10,235 | 2650.7 | 23.84 | 467.85 | 51.1 | 6875.0 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 128.1 | 21.00 | 0.54 | |
LW18 | 98 | 6.86 | 7.5 | 15,520 | 10,936 | 2959.9 | 36.28 | 337.40 | 862.1 | 6575.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 134.2 | 8.85 | 0.60 | |
LW19 | 107 | 7.08 | − 5 | 10,140 | 7053 | 1336.4 | 21.63 | 301.25 | 367.0 | 4900.0 | 4.0 | 8.7 | 91.5 | 14.10 | 0.63 | |
LW20 | 86 | 7.30 | − 16.3 | 6750 | 4176 | 837.9 | 29.07 | 235.30 | 388.2 | 2550.0 | 1.0 | 4.6 | 103.7 | 12.10 | 0.52 | |
LW21 | 113 | 7.38 | − 23.1 | 9360 | 5856 | 1791.8 | 34.57 | 138.95 | 241.9 | 3510.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 115.9 | 7.12 | 0.66 | |
LW22 | 91 | 7.20 | − 22.3 | 1004 | 565 | 13.4 | 2.41 | 34.35 | 95.1 | 157.0 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 225.7 | 2.80 | 0.47 | |
LW23 | 116 | 7.14 | − 6 | 3960 | 2472 | 111.8 | 9.58 | 220.90 | 291.7 | 1730.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 91.5 | 8.00 | 0.45 | |
LW24 | 86 | 7.19 | − 10 | 4270 | 2856 | 629.8 | 9.01 | 113.25 | 248.2 | 1660.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 183.0 | 3.90 | 0.52 | |
LW25 | 104 | 7.46 | − 22.6 | 9190 | 5472 | 1491.6 | 7.50 | 240.55 | 155.8 | 3430.0 | 5.0 | 0.3 | 122.0 | 1.00 | 0.69 | |
Secondary data (wet season) | LW26 | 98 | 7.33 | − 21.7 | 11,400 | 7323 | 1794.1 | 8.37 | 246.50 | 175.9 | 4925.0 | 2.0 | 0.3 | 152.5 | 3.50 | 0.35 |
LW27 | 92 | 7.20 | − 10.5 | 14,000 | 9367 | 1852.3 | 5.44 | 435.80 | 338.4 | 6550.0 | 83.0 | 0.5 | 85.4 | 1.80 | 0.52 | |
LW28 | 92 | 7.04 | − 2.7 | 18,480 | 11,125 | 2537.7 | 31.12 | 354.65 | 200.4 | 7725.0 | 1.0 | 7.0 | 244.0 | 7.10 | 0.60 | |
LW29 | 92 | 7.47 | − 17.1 | 774 | 423 | 47.5 | 6.67 | 3.10 | 75.9 | 120.0 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 152.5 | 2.40 | 0.23 | |
LW30 | 92 | 7.45 | − 20.9 | 2880 | 1534 | 269.1 | 3.61 | 84.70 | 171.2 | 832.5 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 146.4 | 5.50 | 0.33 | |
LW31 | 92 | 6.93 | 2.7 | 9530 | 5928 | 1397.0 | 4.16 | 277.20 | 504.9 | 3690.0 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 42.7 | 3.40 | 0.62 | |
LW32 | 92 | 7.07 | − 5.7 | 8370 | 5482 | 1085.8 | 12.06 | 298.25 | 391.4 | 3580.0 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 97.6 | 11.40 | 0.54 | |
LW33 | 92 | 7.13 | − 3.5 | 9980 | 6114 | 1310.9 | 14.43 | 342.70 | 393.6 | 3820.0 | 104.0 | 1.2 | 115.9 | 8.10 | 0.44 | |
RW1 | 1 | 7.80 | − 54.20 | 206 | 179 | 12.8 | 4.23 | 5.32 | 16.0 | 24.0 | 12.0 | 0.7 | 103.7 | 0.09 | 0.07 | |
RW2 | 1 | 8.10 | − 68.30 | 189 | 137 | 11.4 | 3.24 | 4.37 | 10.2 | 12.5 | 18.7 | 2.5 | 67.1 | 5.17 | 0.25 | |
RW3 | 1 | 8.06 | − 60.60 | 441 | 555 | 142.6 | 7.33 | 22.23 | 16.9 | 245.0 | 30.9 | 1.5 | 79.3 | 5.35 | 1.10 | |
NW1 | 299 | 7.88 | − 56.9 | 889 | 695 | 222.6 | 3.11 | 1.06 | 6.5 | 52.5 | 4.8 | 0.1 | 396.5 | 0.66 | 0.25 | |
NW2 | 336 | 8.31 | − 67.4 | 823 | 977 | 81.3 | 1.87 | 121.00 | 72.1 | 325.0 | 26.7 | 0.3 | 341.6 | 0.22 | 0.29 | |
NW3 | 91 | 7.21 | − 11.7 | 1205 | 768 | 171.3 | 8.75 | 30.46 | 70.6 | 160.0 | 8.7 | 0.4 | 292.8 | 16.05 | 1.99 | |
NW4 | 201 | 7.58 | − 34.5 | 830 | 590 | 159.6 | 4.64 | 7.53 | 26.2 | 75.0 | 4.0 | 0.1 | 305.0 | 2.39 | 0.22 | |
NW5 | 314 | 8.43 | − 84.9 | 741 | 556 | 186.6 | 2.93 | 1.21 | 6.9 | 52.5 | 11.0 | 0.6 | 286.7 | 0.67 | 0.26 | |
NW6 | 24 | 7.35 | − 22.9 | 1216 | 817 | 179.5 | 7.09 | 36.12 | 69.7 | 130.0 | 13.1 | 2.3 | 366.0 | 3.46 | 0.28 | |
Primary data (wet season) | BRGN-3 | 229 | 7.6 | − 63.9 | 1281 | 1078 | 265.5 | 4 | 3.25 | 4.2 | 50.5 | 3.1 | 7.8 | 735.7 | 0.21 | 0.674 |
GLCP-1 | 283 | 7.72 | − 69.8 | 784 | 731 | 174.0 | 3.08 | 3.65 | 10.0 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 4.0 | 530.1 | 0.09 | 0.107 | |
AMTL-1 | 290 | 7.66 | − 68 | 845 | 773 | 194.6 | 2.86 | 3.55 | 10.3 | 9.5 | 0.0 | 7.3 | 542.9 | 0.12 | 0.256 | |
BGRN-4 | River Water | 7.5 | − 58.6 | 217 | 165 | 4.6 | 3.03 | 5.05 | 27.1 | 9.5 | 12.0 | 5.1 | 97.6 | 0.02 | 0.099 | |
BNAMPZ-2 | 39 | 6.5 | − 16.8 | 1862 | 1096 | 221.3 | 10.5 | 40.3 | 49.4 | 221.9 | 0.2 | 40.6 | 509.4 | 0.04 | 5.26 | |
BNAMPZ-4 | 102 | 7.35 | − 49.9 | 855 | 848 | 216.5 | 2.56 | 2 | 9.9 | 10.0 | 0.0 | 6.5 | 599.6 | 0.13 | 0.285 | |
BPHL-1 | 259 | 7.21 | − 42.5 | 659 | 623 | 141.5 | 4 | 7.8 | 16.6 | 11.4 | 0.0 | 28.6 | 400.2 | 0.25 | 0.261 | |
BPHL-2 | 253 | 7.21 | − 42.3 | 810 | 687 | 144.8 | 4 | 4.75 | 21.9 | 44.2 | 0.0 | 2.4 | 463.6 | 0.09 | 0.563 | |
BRGN-1 | 293 | 7.88 | − 79.9 | 978 | 885 | 207.2 | 3 | 2.55 | 7.4 | 3.6 | 0.6 | 5.0 | 653.3 | 0.22 | 0.219 | |
BTG-1 | 262 | 7.51 | − 58.9 | 2020 | 1302 | 383.0 | 5.5 | 19.75 | 11.1 | 345.0 | 0.0 | 2.6 | 531.3 | 0.24 | 5.6 | |
BTG-2 | 274 | 7.82 | − 75.3 | 1039 | 881 | 211.0 | 3.07 | 3.7 | 9.1 | 37.3 | 0.4 | 8.5 | 607.6 | 0.12 | 0.691 | |
BTG-3 | 302 | 7.35 | − 74.5 | 1025 | 948 | 241.0 | 3.04 | 2.9 | 8.2 | 14.8 | 14.3 | 7.0 | 653.3 | 0.21 | 0.29 | |
BRGN-2 | 366 | 7.85 | − 77.9 | 1393 | 1081 | 285.8 | 3.04 | 3.4 | 9.0 | 65.6 | 3.5 | 5.0 | 702.1 | 0.45 | 2.63 | |
DUMKI-1 | 61 | 7.58 | − 62.9 | 950 | 781 | 201.1 | 2.14 | 7.15 | 12.9 | 90.7 | 0.0 | 6.4 | 458.7 | 0.016 | 1.339 | |
DUMKI-2 | 28 | 7.65 | − 67.1 | 709 | 650 | 163.9 | 1.77 | 2.3 | 10.7 | 13.5 | 0.0 | 7.1 | 446.5 | 0.06 | 0.355 | |
DUMKI-3 | 253 | 7.55 | − 60.9 | 565 | 750 | 146.8 | 2.94 | 12.15 | 28.6 | 6.7 | 0.0 | 15.8 | 526.4 | 0.19 | 0.107 | |
DUMKI-4 | 259 | 7.38 | − 51.2 | 663 | 610 | 135.8 | 3.17 | 4.85 | 12.2 | 10.0 | 0.0 | 17.5 | 415.4 | 0.21 | 0.258 | |
GLCP-2 | 265 | 7.41 | − 53.4 | 975 | 837 | 218.1 | 4.5 | 6.2 | 10.1 | 58.0 | 0.0 | 5.4 | 530.7 | 0.24 | 0.698 | |
MIR-1 | 271 | 7.44 | − 55.2 | 1652 | 1015 | 287.6 | 4.3 | 11.45 | 17.1 | 229.5 | 0.0 | 7.8 | 453.2 | 0.21 | 3.346 | |
PATUA-1 | 259 | 7.78 | − 73.5 | 770 | 734 | 155.3 | 2.81 | 25.15 | 12.5 | 7.5 | 0.0 | 5.9 | 521.6 | 0.06 | 0.133 | |
PATUA-2 | 305 | 7.62 | − 64.7 | 913 | 785 | 200.6 | 3.13 | 3.2 | 9.3 | 41.2 | 0.0 | 6.5 | 518.5 | 0.14 | 0.687 | |
PRGT-1 | 6 | 6.99 | − 30.4 | 10,180 | 7012 | 1840.0 | 32.5 | 226 | 186.2 | 3551.8 | 115.4 | 9.7 | 1026.0 | 9.95 | 37.17 | |
PRGT-2 | 259 | 7.7 | − 69.3 | 4530 | 2721 | 888.0 | 7.3 | 15.65 | 20.4 | 1108.0 | 0.8 | 26.1 | 640.5 | 0.35 | 20.72 | |
PRGT-3 | 253 | 7.86 | − 78.3 | 1137 | 980 | 227.8 | 4 | 3.5 | 8.8 | 34.9 | 1.7 | 3.0 | 692.4 | 0.19 | 0.577 | |
Mean | 7.44 | − 36.80 | 4414 | 2994 | 739 | 11.01 | 104 | 105 | 1689 | 7.4 | 5.8 | 315.6 | 3.78 | 1.50 | ||
Max | 8.5 | 7.50 | 18,480 | 11,124 | 2959.9 | 114.26 | 467.85 | 862 | 7725.0 | 115.4 | 40.6 | 1026 | 21.00 | 37.17 | ||
Min | 6.5 | − 84.90 | 137 | 137 | 4.6 | 1.77 | 1.06 | 4.2 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 25 | 0.02 | 0.01 | ||
SD | 0.33 | 25.87 | 5073 | 3261 | 859.5 | 15.75 | 126.79 | 153.9 | 2291.0 | 21.6 | 7.7 | 217.3 | 4.91 | 5.20 |
Appendix 2: List of secondary water samples in the dry season
Sample ID | Depth (m) | pH | Eh (mV) | EC (µS/cm) | TDS (mg/l) | Na+ (mg/l) | K+ (mg/l) | Mg2+ (mg/l) | Ca2+ (mg/l) | Cl− (mg/l) | SO42− (mg/l) | NO3− (mg/l) | HCO3− (mg/l) | Fe2+ (mgl) | Br− (mg/l) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Secondary data (dry season) | ND1 | 67 | 7.6 | − 31.7 | 13,600 | 8758 | 2817.5 | 8.0 | 14.2 | 1.0 | 5600 | 7.0 | 21.5 | 286.7 | 9.21 | 0.28 |
ND2 | 128 | 8.1 | − 63.2 | 1878 | 1497 | 380.4 | 12.0 | 48.3 | 59.7 | 504 | 4.1 | 1.7 | 481.9 | 2.97 | 0.20 | |
ND3 | 336 | 8.9 | − 125.2 | 941 | 869 | 308.7 | 2.9 | 3.7 | 2.1 | 33 | 13.0 | 0.4 | 500.2 | 0.39 | 0.37 | |
ND4 | 299 | 7.4 | − 90.0 | 2790 | 1969 | 566.7 | 13.7 | 76.6 | 0.3 | 936 | 5.5 | 1.4 | 366.0 | 3.38 | 0.42 | |
ND5 | 61 | 7.2 | − 8.9 | 43,300 | 29,616 | 8848.4 | 246.8 | 1096.8 | 124.5 | 19,133 | 6.4 | 131.5 | 24.4 | 0.24 | 0.03 | |
ND6 | 298 | 7.7 | − 35.9 | 11,200 | 7594 | 2726.3 | 24.2 | 65.3 | 1.2 | 4350 | 9.6 | 3.2 | 408.7 | 1.23 | 1.44 | |
ND7 | 91 | 7.1 | − 43.5 | 6880 | 4637 | 1239.7 | 24.4 | 141.4 | 57.6 | 2733 | 11.4 | 12.2 | 414.8 | 18.19 | 0.11 | |
ND8 | 180 | 8.8 | − 102.0 | 3010 | 2115 | 675.4 | 21.5 | 70.1 | 42.4 | 910 | 8.4 | 5.3 | 378.2 | 2.52 | 0.30 | |
ND9 | 268 | 7.4 | − 137.5 | 2130 | 1585 | 468.5 | 8.0 | 13.8 | 3.1 | 424 | 10.8 | 0.4 | 646.6 | 0.24 | 0.40 | |
LDs1 | 30 | 7.7 | − 49.6 | 26,800 | 16,493 | 4965.8 | 118.2 | 79.7 | 122.7 | 10,100 | 543.7 | 17.0 | 536.8 | 0.11 | 0.12 | |
LDs2 | 30 | 7.3 | − 25.8 | 23,500 | 15,811 | 4861.2 | 156.4 | 519.6 | 141.0 | 9550 | 79.3 | 6.0 | 494.1 | 0.46 | 0.58 | |
LDs3 | 30 | 7.0 | − 5.0 | 26,400 | 16,980 | 4690.6 | 179.6 | 732.9 | 292.7 | 9700 | 1130.0 | 4.0 | 244.0 | 0.41 | 0.13 | |
LDs4 | 30 | 7.2 | − 25.7 | 19,660 | 12,297 | 3715.2 | 152.4 | 405.6 | 125.6 | 7450 | 3.0 | 28.0 | 414.8 | 1.07 | 0.20 | |
LDs5 | 30 | 7.2 | − 29.0 | 6450 | 4806 | 1730.5 | 43.5 | 69.9 | 44.8 | 1525 | 750.0 | 0.5 | 640.5 | 0.20 | 0.21 | |
LDs6 | 30 | 7.7 | − 36.0 | 4260 | 2969 | 1187.5 | 35.8 | 63.7 | 17.6 | 1252 | 4.0 | 42.0 | 363.0 | 0.48 | 1.90 | |
LDs7 | 30 | 7.6 | − 45.5 | 17,580 | 10,643 | 2928.6 | 53.5 | 381.4 | 208.3 | 6725 | 40.0 | 12.0 | 292.8 | 0.10 | 0.30 | |
LDs8 | 30 | 7.7 | − 50.6 | 13,810 | 8689 | 2269.6 | 65.4 | 341.7 | 187.4 | 5075 | 123.0 | 9.0 | 616.1 | 0.15 | 0.04 | |
LDs9 | 30 | 7.8 | − 58.3 | 13,420 | 8397 | 2479.5 | 44.5 | 270.0 | 89.1 | 4075 | 1050.0 | 8.0 | 378.2 | 0.22 | 0.72 | |
LDs10 | 30 | 7.7 | − 47.8 | 18,350 | 10,642 | 2777.7 | 74.9 | 417.0 | 142.8 | 6750 | 56.0 | 28.0 | 390.4 | 0.06 | 0.10 | |
LDs11 | 30 | 7.3 | − 30.5 | 7360 | 4039 | 813.4 | 30.1 | 293.8 | 374.9 | 2385 | 3.0 | 40.0 | 97.6 | 0.07 | 0.01 | |
LD1 | 98 | 7.9 | − 45.2 | 1000 | 905 | 255.4 | 1.5 | 5.0 | 20.0 | 135 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 463.6 | 0.23 | 0.21 | |
LD2 | 119 | 7.3 | − 28.1 | 1840 | 1265 | 452.7 | 4.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 277 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 475.8 | 2.76 | 0.07 | |
LD3 | 101 | 7.6 | − 31.1 | 3270 | 1489 | 375.5 | 27.6 | 70.0 | 90.0 | 682 | 0.0 | 5.5 | 213.5 | 10.52 | 0.2 | |
LD4 | 113 | 7.4 | − 35.5 | 4630 | 3034 | 672.1 | 11.9 | 120.0 | 140.0 | 1870 | 0.0 | 2.2 | 207.4 | 8.95 | 0.12 | |
LD5 | 101 | 8.0 | − 46.3 | 5960 | 3683 | 1098.0 | 17.7 | 75.0 | 40.0 | 2290 | 3.0 | 5.2 | 146.4 | 0.3 | 0.14 | |
LD6 | 136 | 5.9 | − 43.0 | 1337 | 985 | 116.4 | 10.3 | 45.0 | 90.0 | 238 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 475.8 | 0.1 | 0.13 | |
LD7 | 136 | 5.9 | − 43.4 | 1308 | 906 | 149.2 | 15.4 | 30.0 | 120.0 | 367 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 213.5 | 0.12 | 0.05 | |
LD8 | 136 | 6.1 | − 53.0 | 1292 | 797 | 96.5 | 7.2 | 50.0 | 120.0 | 305 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 207.4 | 2.33 | 0.21 | |
LD9 | 136 | 6.1 | − 57.6 | 2070 | 1154 | 339.3 | 10.5 | 55.0 | 60.0 | 525 | 1.0 | 2.4 | 146.4 | 0.1 | 0.09 | |
LD10 | 98 | 5.7 | − 28.2 | 16,340 | 10,585 | 2857.0 | 52.8 | 420.0 | 180.0 | 7000 | 0.0 | 11.2 | 42.7 | 19.35 | 0.02 | |
LD11 | 102 | 7.5 | − 43.7 | 5830 | 3321 | 1029.5 | 18.8 | 85.0 | 70.0 | 1930 | 0.0 | 4.4 | 170.8 | 4.74 | 0.1 | |
Secondary data (dry season) | LD12 | 122 | 8.2 | − 72.4 | 2190 | 1086 | 229.0 | 6.4 | 50.0 | 40.0 | 482 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 268.4 | 1.2 | 0.15 |
LD13 | 122 | 7.5 | − 70.4 | 2720 | 1388 | 350.2 | 9.0 | 60.0 | 60.0 | 650 | 5.0 | 2.2 | 244.0 | 0.1 | 0.02 | |
LD14 | 116 | 8.6 | − 81.7 | 5440 | 3293 | 787.2 | 14.7 | 135.0 | 90.0 | 1960 | 1.0 | 2.7 | 292.8 | 2.5 | 0.21 | |
LD15 | 122 | 7.3 | − 80.0 | 12,160 | 7620 | 1963.4 | 20.0 | 210.0 | 120.0 | 5000 | 0.0 | 3.6 | 286.0 | 3.5 | 0.1 | |
LD16 | 122 | 6.3 | − 66.6 | 15,810 | 9526 | 2666.0 | 98.1 | 210.0 | 30.0 | 6400 | 1.0 | 11.3 | 103.7 | 4 | 0.21 | |
LD17 | 122 | 6.2 | − 63.9 | 10,870 | 7169 | 2071.0 | 55.3 | 90.0 | 40.0 | 4500 | 2.0 | 6.1 | 384.3 | 0.32 | 0.06 | |
LD18 | 92 | 7.8 | − 77.5 | 13,430 | 8769 | 2458.9 | 10.5 | 369.0 | 361.6 | 5450 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 103.7 | 10 | 0.6 | |
LD19 | 110 | 7.8 | − 68.4 | 3830 | 3046 | 1049.1 | 26.4 | 127.7 | 94.9 | 1560 | 0.0 | 5.2 | 152.5 | 8.9 | 0.57 | |
LD20 | 80 | 7.4 | − 64.1 | 9160 | 5762 | 2001.4 | 33.2 | 172.9 | 44.5 | 3180 | 1.0 | 9.7 | 292.8 | 0.8 | 0.32 | |
LD21 | 86 | 6.3 | − 2.2 | 16,450 | 10,712 | 2566.9 | 24.2 | 467.9 | 484.4 | 7000 | 0.0 | 11.5 | 128.1 | 19.8 | 0.6 | |
LD22 | 98 | 6.4 | − 6.1 | 15,300 | 11,087 | 2722.1 | 16.4 | 337.4 | 408.9 | 7425 | 17.0 | 6.5 | 115.9 | 21.2 | 0.53 | |
LD23 | 107 | 6.8 | − 28.6 | 9880 | 6560 | 1301.2 | 17.9 | 301.3 | 312.5 | 4500 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 103.7 | 13.9 | 0.27 | |
LD24 | 86 | 7.1 | − 44.9 | 6720 | 4227 | 895.2 | 20.1 | 235.3 | 306.4 | 2660 | 1.0 | 4.6 | 85.4 | 10.9 | 0.41 | |
LD25 | 113 | 7.1 | − 45.7 | 9270 | 5664 | 1746.5 | 31.6 | 139.0 | 195.7 | 3380 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 152.5 | 4.8 | 0.37 | |
LD26 | 91 | 9.7 | − 155.0 | 888 | 495 | 54.1 | 3.1 | 22.4 | 39.0 | 176 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 183.0 | 1.9 | 0.64 | |
LD27 | 116 | 8.6 | − 87.3 | 4410 | 2668 | 69.3 | 12.1 | 256.3 | 331.8 | 1850 | 11.0 | 0.6 | 128.1 | 1 | 0.43 | |
LD28 | 104 | 7.0 | − 36.9 | 9040 | 5399 | 1447.0 | 6.7 | 189.5 | 103.1 | 3490 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 146.4 | 0.7 | 0.43 | |
LD29 | 98 | 7.2 | − 49.9 | 11,930 | 8397 | 1815.8 | 8.0 | 250.0 | 274.7 | 5800 | 4.0 | 0.5 | 225.7 | 2.66 | 0.51 | |
LD30 | 92 | 7.0 | − 40.6 | 14,430 | 9464 | 2246.3 | 6.0 | 463.7 | 353.7 | 6125 | 87.0 | 0.3 | 158.6 | 0.9 | 0.23 | |
LD31 | 92 | 6.7 | − 23.8 | 3540 | 2289 | 396.3 | 5.9 | 149.7 | 218.1 | 1440 | 9.0 | 0.4 | 48.8 | 6.68 | 0.57 | |
LD32 | 92 | 6.6 | − 13.7 | 9370 | 6002 | 1481.3 | 4.9 | 310.4 | 544.2 | 3610 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 42.7 | 5.19 | 0.5 | |
LD33 | 92 | 6.8 | − 29.5 | 8240 | 5606 | 1125.3 | 16.2 | 366.5 | 419.1 | 3600 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 61.0 | 9.4 | 0.52 | |
LD34 | 92 | 7.2 | − 47.6 | 9780 | 5876 | 1318.9 | 17.8 | 360.4 | 392.4 | 3700 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 79.3 | 4.47 | 0.41 | |
Secondary data (dry season) | LD35 | 92 | 6.9 | − 23.3 | 11,110 | 7032 | 1832.3 | 28.1 | 367.7 | 457.7 | 4260.0 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 73.2 | 8.8 | 0.5 |
RD1 | 1 | 8.0 | − 64.0 | 515 | 318 | 53.6 | 4.7 | 13.8 | 15.6 | 75.0 | 44.5 | 3.1 | 97.6 | 8.78 | 0.38 | |
RD2 | 1 | 8.9 | − 112.0 | 371 | 226 | 14.7 | 3.5 | 8.8 | 13.2 | 28.8 | 41.3 | 2.2 | 97.6 | 14.21 | 0.12 | |
RD3 | 1 | 7.7 | − 148.0 | 268 | 220 | 27.4 | 3.1 | 10.8 | 14.7 | 18.0 | 22.5 | 7.0 | 109.8 | 2.90 | 0.28 | |
RD4 | 1 | 7.2 | − 64.0 | 433 | 291 | 32.5 | 3.9 | 12.2 | 13.9 | 90.0 | 40.7 | 0.2 | 85.4 | 6.30 | 1.74 | |
RD5 | 1 | 8.1 | − 76.0 | 987 | 557 | 128.1 | 6.5 | 24.9 | 22.9 | 205.0 | 61.5 | 0.1 | 97.6 | 6.66 | 0.12 | |
Mean | 7.4 | − 54.0 | 9753 | 6179 | 1575.7 | 33.5 | 211.5 | 147.2 | 3714 | 106 | 8.8 | 240 | 4.6 | 0.3 | ||
Max | 9.7 | − 2.2 | 43,300 | 29,616 | 8848.4 | 246.8 | 1096.8 | 544.2 | 19,133.0 | 1130 | 131.5 | 646.6 | 21.2 | 1.9 | ||
Min | 5.7 | − 155.0 | 268 | 220 | 14.7 | 1.5 | 3.7 | 0.3 | 18.0 | 0 | 0.1 | 24.4 | 0.1 | 0.0 | ||
SD | 0.8 | 33.1 | 8144 | 5341 | 1579.6 | 47.5 | 202.8 | 145.2 | 3461.2 | 225 | 18.5 | 167.9 | 5.6 | 0.4 |
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Sarker, M.M.R., Van Camp, M., Islam, M. et al. Hydrochemistry in coastal aquifer of southwest Bangladesh: origin of salinity. Environ Earth Sci 77, 39 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-7196-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-7196-2