Life history traits and fishery patterns of teleosts caught by the tuna longline fishery in the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans
Introduction
Information on the life history traits of individual species and stocks is valuable since it fuels many the ecological models (Thorson et al., 2014). For instance, parameters based on life history traits have helped to predict the effects of climate change (Cheung et al., 2009, Dalgleish et al., 2010), investigate habitat degradation (Ockinger et al., 2010) and to assess the vulnerability of species to collapse (Cortés et al., 2009, Patrick et al., 2010, Hobday et al., 2011) or to extinct (Olden et al., 2008). Life history traits have also been used to evaluate the trade-offs between exploitation and conservation of commercial species (Juan-Jordá et al., 2013a; Le Quesne and Jennings, 2011) and to classify marine fishes analogous to the classic r and K strategy theory developed for terrestrial animals (Kawasaki, 1980, Kawasaki, 1983, King and McFarlane, 2003).
In fishery biology, the importance of comparative studies based on life history traits has long been recognized (Holt, 1962, Cushing, 1971, Alverson and Carney, 1975, Adams, 1980). Such researches are largely used to help our understanding of how species respond to human exploitation (e.g., Jennings et al., 1998). For instance, Fromentin and Fonteneau (2001) analysed the relation between the life history of tuna and tuna-like species (target and main bycatch) and the effect of fishing in the Atlantic. Other studies have investigated fishing impacts on demersal fish in the Celtic Sea (Le Quesne and Jennings, 2012) and the resilience of elasmobranchs to exploitation (Hoenig and Gruber, 1990).
The knowledge of the aspects of life histories of targeted and bycatch species may also provide guidance for Ecosystem Based Fisheries Management (EBFM) frameworks, by considering individual species’ vulnerability to exploitation based on life history characteristics and susceptibility to fishing (Zhou et al., 2012, Gilman et al., 2014). The term bycatch used hereafter is as defined by Gilman et al. (2014), i.e. the retained catch of non-targeted but commercially valuable species, or species consumed by crew, used for bait, or rejected at port or at sea.
Current management practices for targeted species mainly involve individual stock assessments based on detailed biological information and fishery statistics (King and McFarlane, 2003). Responsible fisheries management, therefore, requires information on all sources of fishing mortality, i.e. for both targeted and bycatch species (Gilman et al., 2014). In the case of susceptible bycatch species, however, such as sea turtles, seabirds, marine mammals and many elasmobranchs, due to the overall lack of data, management measures are more based on the risk of irreparable harm or extinction. However, the majority of the teleosteans species has barely been investigated concerning its life history traits and its relation with the fishery, considering also the fate of the catch.
For commercially exploited species, it is often argued that economic extinction of exploited populations will occur before biological extinction, but this is not the case for bycatch species caught in multispecies fisheries (Dulvy et al., 2003, Dulvy et al., 2004). For those species, it may be still economically viable to continue catching even very rare bycatch species, as long as the target species is still abundant. In this case, the point of economic extinction may be much closer to the point of biological extinction or simply does not exist (Sadovy and Vincent, 2002). These catches may easily lead to adverse impacts on entire populations and ecosystems, may reduce the sustainability of fishery resources, and induce severe bias in stock assessments and population models, which do not account for unobservable fishing mortality (Broadhurst et al., 2006). Quantifying the impacts of fisheries on bycatch species is thus an important challenge particularly to build the necessary stakeholder support for changing fishing practices (Moore et al., 2013).
The tuna longline fishery is one of the main large-scale fishing activities in the world oceans, targeting large pelagic species, mainly tuna and swordfish. Tuna catches by industrial longliners accounted for 13% of the world tuna catch in 2013 (ISSF, 2013). Despite the lower fish production compared with purse seiners, longline catches of the targeted species have high commercial value. Bycatch is an increasingly important management issue for the longline fishing fleets and a growing concern for Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs). The impact of the tuna longline fishery on sea birds and turtles has been relatively well described (e.g., Tuck et al., 2003, Lewison et al., 2004, Bugoni et al., 2008, Brothers et al., 2010, Sales et al., 2010). For elasmobranchs, some studies have connected life history parameters and the impact of fishery (see Frisk et al., 2001, Cortés et al., 2009), but very few studies have assessed the impact of longline fishery on bycatch teleosts. In the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans, most of the bycatch of teleost species in the tuna fisheries has never been studied, partly due to the limited data available since a large part of their catches are not recorded. Consequently, stock status and life history characteristics for the majority of these teleosts are largely unknown.
The Pacific Ocean provides 64% of the world’s annual tuna catch, while the catches of tuna from the Indian and Atlantic Oceans have averaged about 20% and 14% of the world production of tuna respectively (FAO, 2003). In the Indian Ocean, at least forty species, including tuna, billfishes, sharks, other teleosts, seabirds and sea turtles are regularly caught by this fishery (Huang and Liu, 2010). In the South Atlantic, a total of 19 species of fish, at least 21 seabird species, 16 elasmobranchs and 3 species of turtles have been identified in the catches of the tuna longline fishery (Marín et al., 1998, Bugoni et al., 2008, Pacheco et al., 2011). With the exception of some tunas, billfishes and sharks, only a minor part of the bycatch species caught by the tuna longline fishery in these oceans are actually assessed and managed (Collette et al., 2011a). Growing concerns over the impact of the tuna longline fishery on bycatch species (King and McFarlane, 2003) have therefore led RFMOs to develop holistic approaches to the assessment and management of all exploited species.
This study aims to partially fill the gap in knowledge of teleosts caught by the tuna longline fishery in the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The main species caught were identified and their life history traits were then compiled from published literature and available resources including gray literature. Fishery attributes related to the exploitation by the longliners were also estimated for each species and in both oceans, and we assessed the fate of the catch according to four categories (target species, bycatch species kept for consumption onboard, bycatch species kept for commercial use and discarded bycatch). The relationships between life history traits and fishery attributes were then evaluated among species, oceans and categories of catch fate. This approach is rarely considered in fishery management, especially for bycatch species. The information provided will help improve the overall sustainability of all species caught in tuna longline fisheries in these oceans and help move the management and conservation strategies closer to one based on ecosystem based fisheries management. The information will also help managing these stocks, which are also often locally important in artisanal fisheries.
Section snippets
Catch composition of the tuna longline fishery in the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans
The list of teleosts caught by the tuna longline fishery in both the South Atlantic and the Indian Oceans was compiled from a variety of sources. An initial list of species was extracted from the RFMOs ICCAT (International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas) and IOTC (Indian Ocean Tuna Commission) datasets. The list was complemented based on published documents (Bach et al., 2008, Bach et al., 2009, Marín et al., 1998, Huang and Liu, 2010, Pacheco et al., 2011) and national
Results
3.1. Catch composition of the tuna longline fishery in the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans
A total of 11 families and 33 species were recorded as the main targeted and bycatch teleosts species in the South Atlantic Ocean tuna longline fishery. In the Indian Ocean, 27 species from 12 families were recorded. Families Scombridae and Istiophoridae contributed to the largest number of species. Seventeen species were common in both oceans (Table 2).
In terms of fate category, four and five species
Discussion
The highest incidence of bycatch and subsequently discarded species in tuna fisheries comes from the longline fishery making it highly diverse in terms of both species and life history traits (Melvin et al., 2014). In the Indian Ocean, at least 40 species are recorded (Huang and Liu, 2010) and shark bycatch reaches a level of around 19% (in biomass) of the target species (IOTC, 2012). In terms of percentage in numbers, teleosts accounts for 22%, with a dominance of lancetfish (Alepisaurus ferox)
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) for providing a senior post-doc fellowship to F. Lucena Frédou and T. Frédou (grants BEX 2407/13-2 and BEX 2702/13-4) and to the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture of Brazil, through the onboard observer program. The collection of data of French commercial and observer fisheries data was supported by the European Union Data Collection Framework (DCF). The data processing from the
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