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Rising the Persian Gulf Black-Lip Pearl Oyster to the Species Level: Fragmented Habitat and Chaotic Genetic Patchiness in Pinctada persica

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Abstract

Marine organisms with long pelagic larval stages are expected to exhibit low genetic differentiation due to their potential to disperse over large distances. Growing body of evidence, however, suggests that marine populations can differentiate over small spatial scales. Here we focused on black-lip pearl oysters from the Persian Gulf that are thought to belong to the Pinctada margaritifera complex given their morphological affinities. This species complex includes seven lineages that show a wide distribution ranging from the Persian Gulf (Pinctada margaritifera persica) and Indian Ocean (P. m. zanzibarensis) to the French Polynesia (P. m. cumingii) and Hawai’i (P. m. galtsoffi). Despite the long pelagic larval phase of P. m. persica, this lineage is absent from continental locations and can only be found on a few islands of the Persian Gulf. Mitochondrial COI-based analyses indicated that P. m. persica belongs to a clearly divergent ESU and groups with specimens from Mauritius (P. m. zanzibarensis). Microsatellite data, used here to assess the spatial scale of realized dispersal of Persian Gulf black-lip pearl oysters, revealed significant genetic structure among islands distant of only a few dozen kilometres. The scantiness of suitable habitats most likely restricted the distribution of this lineage originating the observed chaotic genetic patchiness. The hatchery-based enhancement performed in one of the sampled islands may also have affected population genetic structure. The long-term accumulation of genetic differences likely resulted from the allopatric divergence between P. m. persica and the neighbouring Indian Ocean black-lip pearl oysters.

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Science, Hormozgan University, Bandar Abbas, Iran

      Mohammad Sharif Ranjbar

    2. Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science, Khoramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran

      Hossein Zolgharnien, Bita Archangi & Mohammad Ali Salari

    3. Department of Fishery, Faculty of Marine Resources, Khoramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran

      Vahid Yavari

    4. IFREMER - UMR MARBEC (Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation), Bd Jean Monnet, BP 171, 34203, Sète Cedex, France

      Sophie Arnaud-Haond

    5. Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal

      Regina L. Cunha

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    Sophie Arnaud-Haond and Regina L. Cunha have contributed equally to this article.

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    S1_Supplementary material

    Pinctada persica sampling locations in the Persian Gulf. Numbers in black circles indicate island locations (1. Khark; 4. Hendurabi–Shidvar; 5. Larak). The grey circles represent continental coral reef areas (2. Nakhiloo; 3. Nayband) where only Pinctada radiata can be found. The scale (in km) is indicated (PDF 326 kb)

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    Approximate geographic distribution of the lineages belonging to the Pinctada margaritifera complex (PDF 808 kb)

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    Sharif Ranjbar, M., Zolgharnien, H., Yavari, V. et al. Rising the Persian Gulf Black-Lip Pearl Oyster to the Species Level: Fragmented Habitat and Chaotic Genetic Patchiness in Pinctada persica . Evol Biol 43, 131–143 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-015-9356-1

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