Case ReportDetection of human norovirus GIV.1 in China: A case report
Section snippets
Why this case is important
Noroviruses (NoVs) are the major cause of acute gastroenteritis globally. The NoV genome is composed of three open reading frames (ORFs): a large non-structural protein, a major capsid protein (VP1), and a small basic structural protein (VP2). Based on VP1, NoVs have been divided into six genogroups (GI–GVI) [1]. GIV NoVs are further classified into genotype 1 and 2 (GIV.1 and GIV.2). Only GI, GII, and GIV.1 NoVs have been identified in humans [2], among which GI and GII cause most human
Case description
A total of 466 fecal samples from 466 children under the age of 5 years hospitalized with gastroenteritis were collected at Lulong County People's Hospital in Lulong County, Hebei Province, China, between April of 2011 and April of 2013.
Five fecal samples from children with gastroenteritis were pooled and sequenced by Roche Genome Sequencer FLX Titanium pyrosequencing technology. A customized informatics pipeline [8] with minor modifications identified 599 unique reads that shared sequence
Similar and contrasting cases in the literature and discussion
To date, GIV NoVs are rarely reported in humans. Human GIV.1 NoVs were first identified from sporadic cases of gastroenteritis [21]. From then on, they were occasionally detected in NoVs routine screenings of clinical and environmental samples [4], [5], [6], [7], [22]. Interestingly, in animals, GIV.2 NoVs were also detected [9], [23], [24]. Data on the clinical role of GIV NoVs are also limited. In the present study, two patients with gastroenteritis were found to be positive for NoV GIV.1 in
Authors’ contribution
Acquisition of data, data analysis, data interpretation and drafting the manuscript (Yuan-yun Ao). Involved in laboratory work (Yuan-yun Ao, Jie-mei Yu and Li-li Li). The conception and design of the study, and revising the manuscript critically for important intellectual content (Zhao-jun Duan, Jie-mei Yu, and Miao Jin). Final approval of the version to be submitted (Zhao-jun Duan, Jie-mei Yu).
Funding
This work was partly supported by the Gates Foundation (grant no. OPP1016839), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 81290345).
Competing interests
None of the authors has a conflict of interest to report.
Ethical approval
Consent to participate in this study was obtained from the parents of the children. The study protocol was approved by the National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention (Beijing, China) and the ethics committee of Lulong County People's Hospital (Hebei Province, China).
Acknowledgments
We thank David Wang and Guoyan Zhao from the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine (St. Louis, MO, USA), for their help with the bioinformatics analyses.
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