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Spontaneous gene flow and population structure in wild and cultivated chicory, Cichorium intybus L.

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Abstract

Spontaneous gene flow between wild and cultivated chicory, Cichorium intybus L., may have implications for the genetic structure and evolution of populations and varieties. One aspect of this crop-wild gene flow is the dispersal of transgenes from genetically modified varieties, e.g. gene flow from GM chicory to natural chicory could have unwanted consequences. With the purpose to identify and quantify crop-wild gene flow in chicory, we analysed introgression in 19 wild chicory populations and 16 accessions of chicory varieties and landraces distributed across Northern, Central and Mediterranean Europe. The analysis used 281 AFLP markers and 75 SSAP markers giving a total of 356 polymorphic markers. Results from model based assignments with the program STRUCTURE indicated many incidents of recent gene flow. Gene flow was observed both between cultivars and wild populations, between landraces and wild populations, between different wild populations as well as between cultivars. Population structure visualized by distance-based clustering showed a North–South geographical structuring of the wild populations, and a general grouping of the cultivars corresponding to known origin. The results indicated, however, that the structuring between the two groups of wild and cultivated types was weak. As crop and wild recipients are genetically close and genes are transferred between the two types rather frequently, focus on mitigating crop-wild gene flow should be increased, before transgenic varieties are cultivated openly.

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Acknowledgements

The EU project ANGEL, “Analysis of gene flow from crop to wild forms in lettuce and chicory and its population-ecological consequences in the context of GM-crop biosafety”, QLK3-CT-2001-01657, supported this work. F. Felber and R. Guadagnuolo were partially funded by the National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Plant Survival, research programme of the Swiss National Science Foundation. We thank Anouk Béguin for help with the analyses and Dr. Guillaume Besnard for technical support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biosystems Department, Risø National Laboratory, DTU, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark

    L. P. Kiær & R. B. Jørgensen

  2. Institut de Biologie, Laboratoire de Botanique Évolutive, Université de Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2009, Neuchatel, Switzerland

    F. Felber

  3. Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at SCRI, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK

    A. Flavell & N. Syed

  4. Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 208, 33100, Udine, Italy

    R. Guadagnuolo, D. Guiatti, A. M. Olivieri & M. Vischi

  5. Department of Ecology, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 21, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark

    T. P. Hauser

  6. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, National Agricultural Research Institute, UMR ECOFOG Campus Agronomique, BP 709 Avenue de France, 97387, Kourou Cedex, France

    I. Scotti

  7. Plant Research International, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands

    C. van de Wiel

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  1. L. P. Kiær
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  2. F. Felber
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  3. A. Flavell
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  4. R. Guadagnuolo
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  5. D. Guiatti
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  6. T. P. Hauser
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  7. A. M. Olivieri
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  8. I. Scotti
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  9. N. Syed
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  10. M. Vischi
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  11. C. van de Wiel
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  12. R. B. Jørgensen
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Correspondence to R. B. Jørgensen.

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Kiær, L.P., Felber, F., Flavell, A. et al. Spontaneous gene flow and population structure in wild and cultivated chicory, Cichorium intybus L.. Genet Resour Crop Evol 56, 405–419 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-008-9375-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-008-9375-1

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