Abstract
Insects, birds, and mammals have been shown capable of encoding spatial information in memory using multiple strategies or frames of reference simultaneously. These strategies include orientation to a goal-specific cue or beacon, to the position of the goal in an array of local landmarks, or to its position in the array of distant landmarks, also known as the global frame of reference. From previous experiments, it appears that birds and mammals that scatter hoard rely primarily on a global frame of reference, but this generalization depends on evidence from only a few species. Here we examined spatial memory in a previously unstudied scatter hoarder, the southern flying squirrel. We dissociated the relative weighting of three potential spatial strategies (beacon, global, or relative array strategy) with three probe tests: transposition of beacon and the rotation or the expansion of the array. The squirrels’ choices were consistent with a spatial averaging strategy, where they chose the location dictated by at least two of the three strategies, rather than using a single preferred frame of reference. This adaptive and flexible heuristic has not been previously described in animal orientation studies, yet it may be a common solution to the universal problem of encoding and recalling spatial locations in an ephemeral physical landscape.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank José Lopez and Ted Claire for constructing the apparatus. The research was supported by a grant from the University Committee on Research to L.F.J. The research followed federal and university animal care, and used rules and guidelines that complied with APA ethical standards in the treatment of animals.
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Gibbs, S.E.B., Lea, S.E.G. & Jacobs, L.F. Flexible use of spatial cues in the southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans). Anim Cogn 10, 203–209 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-006-0059-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-006-0059-y