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Smells like sib spirit: kin recognition in three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is mediated by olfactory cues

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Abstract

The ability to recognise kin has been demonstrated in several animal species. However, the mechanisms of kin recognition often remain unknown. The most frequently discussed sensory modalities to recognise kin are visual, olfactory and acoustical cues. Three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) are able to differentiate between kin and non-kin when presented visual and olfactory cues combined. To elucidate, which cues they use to recognise kin female sticklebacks were given the choice between two identical computer animations of courting stickleback males. Next to one animation, water conditioned by a brother was added, while near the other, water from an unrelated male was added. In half of the experiments, the brother was familiar while in the other half he was unfamiliar to the female. Both scenarios were carried out with both outbred and inbred fish. The results showed that the females adjusted their choice behaviour according to relatedness. Furthermore, they were able to recognise both familiar as well as unfamiliar brothers. Inbreeding did not affect this ability. Hence, three-spined sticklebacks are able to recognise their relatives using olfactory cues alone. The cognitive mechanisms underlying this ability were independent from familiarity and not impaired by inbreeding.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the “Bakker”-research-group for discussion and Leif Engqvist for statistical advice. Timo Thünken, Deborah McLennan, Tatiana Czeschlik, and two anonymous referees gave thoughtful comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. We thank Corinna Luz for rearing, Julia Strelau for caring and Jan Hottentot for catching the sticklebacks. Sebastian Baldauf helped with the use of the computer animation. Deborah McLennan and Meike Hiermes are acknowledged for improving our English.

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Mehlis, M., Bakker, T.C.M. & Frommen, J.G. Smells like sib spirit: kin recognition in three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is mediated by olfactory cues. Anim Cogn 11, 643–650 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-008-0154-3

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